210 
of figures or cipher used by a nation, and the rules of their 
higher arithmetic, often show from what people they must 
have been obtained, thus throwing light on the later history 
of their civilization. 
1. Do people generally count on fingers and toes, and in a 
particular order, beginning with one particular finger ? 2. Do 
they use pebbles, heaps of grains, &c., as aids to counting ? 
3. What names have they for numbers ? up to how many ? 
4. Does any particular number stand as an indefinite expres¬ 
sion for “ many ” ? 5. Do any of the numerals show that they 
originally referred to counting by fingers and toes, such words 
as “hand” for 5, “hands and feet,” or “man,” for 20, “two 
on the feet ” for 12 ? 6. Have any of the lower numerals a 
meaning besides that of the numbers they signify ? 7. Does 
numeration go by fives, tens, or twenties (quinary, decimal, 
vigesimal) ? or, for instance, does such a numeral as fourteen 
signify 10+4? or is there a term for 65 like threescore-and-five, 
i.e., 3X20 + 5? 8. Are any numerals, especially high ones, 
borrowed from a foreign language ? 9. How far are addition, 
subtraction, multiplication, and division understood ? 10. Are 
they done mentally, or with the aid of counter or abacus ? 
11. What is the exact process carried on by the reckoner’s 
mind ? 12. Does trade, barter, taxation, &c., involve any com¬ 
plex calculation ? 13. Are any figures or ciphers in use ? and 
how used ? 14. Any higher arithmetic ? 
E. B. T. 
No, LXL—PROPERTY. 
To what extent private property is recognized ; personal and 
landed property. Tenures of land, customs concerning, &c. 
Individual, family, and common property. Heirship, succes¬ 
sion to. Rights over property of another ( e.g ., right to trees 
on land of another, or to game or fish caught by another). 
Guardianship. Mortgage. Right of resumption at “year 
of jubilee.” {See under Laws, Customs, Nomadic Life, 
Slavery, etc.) 
