FAMILIES OF PLANTS 
119 
There are also some members of the composite family in which all 
of the flowers have tubular corollas. The members of the family, 
therefore, may be divided into three groups: Those whose flowers all 
have tubular corollas, those whose flowers all have strap-shaped 
corollas, and those having both tubular and strap-shaped corollas, or 
both ray and disk flowers. The fruits in all cases are akenes. 
1. Corollas all strap-shaped. 2. 
1. Corollas all tubular. 11. 
1. Corollas of ray flowers strap-shaped; those of disk flowers tubular. 18. 
2. Flowers 5 in each head. Wirelettuce ( Stephanomeria tenuifolia )_(p. 136) 
2. Flowers more than 5 in each head. 3. 
3. Flowers white. White hawkweed (Hieracium albiflorum) _(p. 138) 
3. Flowers blue or purple. 4. 
3. Flowers yellow or orange. 5. 
4. Flowers purple. Leaves grasslike. Oysterplant ( Tragopogon porrifolius ) 
(p. 136) 
4. Flowers blue. Leaves not grasslike. larkspur lettuce ( Lactuca pulchella) 
(p. 138) 
5. Leaves grasslike. Buckbeard (Tragopogon pratensis) _(p. 136) 
5. Leaves not grasslike. 6. 
6. Leaves all basal. 7. 
6. Leaves not all basal. 8. 
7. Fruits with short spines at the end. Dandelion ( Taraxacum )_(p. 139) 
7. Fruits without spines at the end. Troximon _(p. 138) 
8. Leaves prickly toothed. Prickly sowthistle (Sonchus asper )_(p. 138) 
8. Leaves not prickly. 9. 
9. Pappus brown or brownish. Hawkweed ( Hieracium )_(p. 138) 
9. Pappus white. 10. 
10. Pappus of numerous soft bristles. Hawksbeard ( Crepis )__(p. 137) 
10. Pappus of 15 to 20 scales each terminated by a long, soft bristle. Grassleaf 
(Ptilocalais nutans) _____(p. 137) 
11. Shrubs. 12. 
11. Herbs. 14. 
12. Pappus none. Sagebrush ( Artemisia )_______ ___(p. 133) 
12. Pappus of numerous bristles. 13. 
13. Involucre of 4 to 6 scales. Tetradymia inermis _(p. 134) 
13. Involucre of a dozen or more scales. Rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus ) _ (p. 121) 
14. Flowers brown. Niggerthumb (Rudbeckia occidentalis) _(p. 128) 
14. Flowers purple. Thistle ( Cirsium )______(p. 136) 
14. Flowers yellow or whitish. 15. 
15. Pappus of several narrow scales. Brides-bouquet ( Chaenactis douglasii) 
(p. 131) 
15. Pappus none. 16. 
15. Pappus of bristles. 17. 
16. Plants with odor of sage. Wormwood ( Artemisia) _(p. 133) 
16. Plants without odor of sage. Sumpweed (Iva axillaris) _(p. 128) 
17. Involucre pearly white, papery. Pearl everlasting ( Anaphalis margar - 
itacea) ---...-(p. 128) 
17. Involucre dull white. Gnaphalium wrightii--. ___„_(p. 128) 
17. Involucral bracts with white or colored tips. Pussytoes (Antennaria) - (p. 127) 
18. Leaves all or mostly basal. 19. 
18. Leaves not all basal. 22. 
