THE SALMON TROUTS. 
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dd. European species; brown, with large brown or black, sometimes red, spots; opercles with 
rather numerous dark spots. 
/. Body rather stout; maxilla very strong and dilated ; vomerine teeth in a double series, 
gill-rakers 8-12; coeca 41-42; vertebrae 57-58, persistent. 
S.fario. The Brown Trout of Europe. 
ff. Body rather slender ; maxilla narrow and feeble ; vomerine teeth caeca 60-80 ; verte¬ 
brae 59, uniserial, persistent. S. levenensis. The Loch-leven Trout. 
cc. Scales small, about 170, gill-rakers 8-9-13; caeca 40-50. S’, spilurus. The Rio Grande Trout. 
t>b. Hyoid teeth. 
g. Back and sides everywhere black spotted, silvery in sea run examples. 
h . Head short; scales not more than 170, gill-rakers 8-12; coeca 20. 
S. purpuratus. The Rocky Mountain Trout. 
hh. Head long, conical; scales sometimes 184, gill-rakers 9.14; coeca 50-60. 
S'. Henshawi. The Lake Tahoe Trout. 
gg. Sides anteriorly with few black spots ; scales about 200. 
z. Head long, with medium keel; gill-rakers 7-12. S. pleuriticus. 
ii. Head shorter, without keel. S. stomias. The Kansas River Trout. 
The Salmo Gairdneri , of Richardson, is usually known as the “Steel- 
head.” The name “Hard-head” is sometimes applied to it, and it is 
known to the Russians as “ Seomga. The name “ Mykiss ” is said to 
have been in former years in use in Kamtchatka. Large individuals are 
often called “Salmon Trout.” The Indian name “Humaana ” is said to 
be given to it on the Upper Columbia. It reaches the weight of twenty- 
two pounds, the average weight when fully grown being about sixteen. 
Young specimens have not very often been captured. It is found always, 
from the Sacramento river northward at least to Kodiak, Alaska, close to 
the coast. In the Columbia and Frazer Rivers it occurs in abundance in 
the spring at the time of the Salmon run. Gravid females were taken by 
Bean at Sitka in June. The species sometimes exceeds 25 pounds in 
weight. None have yet been noticed to the eastward of the Cascade 
Range, and as far as appearances go it is a permanent inhabitant of river 
mouths. It probably spawns late in the fall or in the winter, as many of 
those taken at the first run of the Salmon are spent fish, with the flesh 
white and worthless. 
Its history, writes Jordan, is still obscure. According to Pallas, it 
migrates singly, from June to September; some remaining all the year in 
the rivers, returning to the sea in May. It feeds in the fresh waters, on 
any living thing. Hence, unlike the other Trout, which during the ascent 
of the rivers grow lean with fasting, breeding, and exertion, this species 
is plump and well fed, and, with Salvelinus malma only, does not perish 
in the winter. Elsewhere than in the Columbia this species is highly 
valued as a food-fish. When taken in the Columbia, in spring, little or no 
