Karlou-Riga et at: Sex change and oscillating growth pattern of Spicara smaris in the Saronikos Gulf (Greece) 
359 
Panfili, J., H. de Pontual, H. Troadec, and P. J. Wright (eds.). 
2002. Manual of fish sclerochronology, 464 p. Ifremer- 
IRD coedifion, Brest, France. 
Papaconstantinou, C., A. Zenetos, V. Vassilopoulou, and G. 
Tserpes. 
2007. State of Hellenic fisheries, 467 p. Hell. Cent. Mar. 
Res., Athens, Greece. 
Flatten, J. R., I. R. Tibbetts, and M. J. Sheaves. 
2002. The influence of increased line-fishing mortality on 
the sex ratio and age of sex reversal of the venus tusk 
fish. J. Fish Biol. 60:301-318. 
Provost, M. M., O. P. Jensen, and D. L. Berlinsky. 
2017. Influence of size, age, and spawning season on sex 
change in black sea bass. Mar. Coast. Fish. 9:126-138. 
R Core Team. 
2017. R: a language and environment for statistical com¬ 
puting. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vien¬ 
na, Austria. [Available from website, accessed October 
2017.] 
Ragonese, S., F. Fiorentino, G. Garofalo, M. Gristina, D. Levi, 
S. Gancitano, G.B. Giusto, P. Rizzo, and G. Sinacori. 
2004. Distribution, abundance and biological features of 
picarel ( Spicara flexuosa), Mediterranean ( Trachurus 
mediterraneus) and Atlantic (T. trachurus) horse mack¬ 
erel based on experimental bottom-trawl data (MEDITS, 
1994-2002) in the Strait of Sicily. In Report of the 
MedSudMed expert consultation on small pelagic fishes: 
stock identification and oceanographic processes influ¬ 
encing their abundance and distribution; Salammbo, Tu¬ 
nisia, 1-3 October 2003. GCP/RER/010/ITA/MSM-TD-05. 
MedSudMed Tech. Doc. 5, p. 100-114. FAO MedSud¬ 
Med, Mazara del Vallo, Italy. 
Rizkalla, S. I. 
1997. Age and growth studies of picarels ( Spicara flexuosa 
and Spicara smaris) in the Egyptian Mediterranean wa¬ 
ters. Oebalia 28:75-86. 
Russell, B., D. Pollard, and K. E. Carpenter. 
2015. Spicara smaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened 
Species 2014. e.T170283A1308287. [Available from 
website.] 
Salekhova, L. P. 
1979. Picarels (Spicara spp.) in the Mediterranean Basin, 
172 p. Kiev Academy of Science, Kiev, Ukraine. 
Stergiou, K. I., D. K. Moutopoulos, and G. Krassas. 
2004. Body size overlap in industrial and artisanal fisher¬ 
ies for five commercial fish species in the Mediterranean 
Sea. Sci. Mar. 68:179-188. 
Stergiou, K. I., P. K. Karachle, A. C. Tsikliras, and E. 
Mamalakis. 
2011. Shouting fishes: fishes from the Greek seas—biol¬ 
ogy, fisheries and management, 358 p. Patakis Publish¬ 
ers, Athens, Greece. [In Greek.] 
Tsangridis, A., and N. Filippousis. 
1989. Length-based approach to the estimation of growth 
and mortality parameters of Spicara smaris (L.) in the 
Saronikos Gulf, Greece and remarks on the applica¬ 
tion of the Beverton and Holt relative yield per recruit 
model. In Report of the second Technical Consultation 
of the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean 
on stock assessment in the eastern Mediterranean; Ath¬ 
ens, Greece, 28 March-1 April 1988. FAO Fish. Rep. 412 
(M. Savini, M., and J. F. Caddy, eds.), p. 94-107. FAO, 
Rome. 
1991. Use of length-frequency data in the estimation of 
growth parameters of three Mediterranean fish species: 
bogue ( Boops boops L.), picarel ( Spicara smaris L.) and 
horse mackerel (TYachurus trachurus L.). Fish. Res. 
12:283-297. 
1992. Growth pattern of picarel, Spicara smaris (L.) (Cen- 
tracanthidae), a protogynous species. Cybium 16:233- 
243. 
1994. Analysis of two models for picarel (Spicara smaris 
L.) growth using Schnute’s micro-simplex nonlinear esti¬ 
mation procedure. Fish. Res. 20:181-189. 
Tsasitis, I., and C. Charilaou. 
2016. Stock assessment form: Spicara smaris. Gen¬ 
eral Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean, 
Rome. [Available from website.] 
Valle, C., J. T., Bayle, and A. A. Ramos. 
2003. Weight-length relationships for selected fish spe¬ 
cies of the western Mediterranean Sea. J. Appl. Ich- 
thyol. 19:261-262. 
Vidalis, K., and N. Tsimenidis. 
1996. Age determination and growth of picarel (Spicara 
smaris) from the Cretan continental shelf (Greece). Fish. 
Res. 28:395-421. 
Vidalis, K., G. Markakis, and N. Tsimenides. 
1997. Discrimination between populations of picarel (Spi¬ 
cara smaris L., 1758) in the Aegean Sea, using multivar¬ 
iate analysis of phenetic characters. Fish. Res. 30:191- 
197. 
Warner, R. R. 
1988. Sex change and the size-advantage model. Trends 
Ecol. Evol. 3:133-136. 
Warner, R. R., and P. Lejeune. 
1985. Sex change limited by paternal care: a test us¬ 
ing four Mediterranean labrid fishes, genus Sympho- 
dus. Mar. Biol. 87:89-99. 
Whitehead, P. J. P, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen, 
and E. Tortonese. 
1986. Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Medi¬ 
terranean, vol. 1, 510 p. UNESCO, Paris. 
Zei, M. 
1950. Typical sex-reversal in teleosts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond. 119:917-920. 
