ARBORVITAE . 
23 
Hemlock is generally quite sound but much of it is claimed to 
be shaky at the butt. In all better localities it cuts about three 
logs per tree, and farther northward about two. Being generally 
mixed with hardwoods in very variable proportions, the yield 
of hemlock varies within wide limits. Mature stands of pure 
growth yield 500 M. feet and over per 40 acres. To cut 200 M. 
feet requires good hemlock land and generally where large areas 
are considered, and the hemlock forms 40 to 60 per cent, of the 
total cut (pine having been removed), yields of 100 to 150 M. 
feet per 40 acres may be expected. The present supply of hem¬ 
lock is generally much underestimated. This is partly due to 
the fact that large quantities have been killed by fire and ex¬ 
posure to wind and sun, and partly to market conditions which 
prevented a proper appreciation of this product. Hemlock was 
ordinarily not estimated at all or only the largest and best trees 
were considered. According to the best informed persons, 
there are standing at present nearly 12,000 million feet of hem¬ 
lock saw timber, an estimate which, in the opinion of the writer, 
is still 25 per cent, below the real truth. The distribution of this 
supply over the several counties is given in the general table, 
and whatever may be said of the total, the figures are believed 
fairly to represent the relative proportions. In places hemlock 
is extensively peeled for its bark; considerable quantities are cut 
into lumber, chiefly dimension stuff, and some of it is used as 
pulp wood. In general, however, it is not yet appreciated, so 
that neither stumpage nor logs can readily be sold and millions 
of feet are wasting in the woods. The ability of the hemlock 
to endure crowding and shading is more than offset by its slow 
growth and its demands on the soil, so that this tree deserves but 
a secondary place in the forest of the future. 
ARBORVITAE (CEDAR). 
Arborvitae or cedar in Wisconsin is practically limited to the 
moister hemlock area, but unlike this latter, continues through 
Douglas county into Minnesota, where it is a common tree 
throughout the humid forest region. Generally the cedar 
