HARDWOOD SUPPLIES. 
29 
'Counties are known to have cut over 100 million feet per town 
or nearly 5 M. per acre for the total area, swamp and all. 
Smaller districts, as some forests in Shawano and Langlade 
counties, cut from 10 to 15 M. feet per acre, but these must be 
regarded as exceptions. 
The standing hardwood, and hemlock was determined by as¬ 
certaining the area of fairly stocked woodland, excluding swamp 
lands, then settling on the yield per acre, or 40, and finally 
estimating their relative proportions. The determination of 
the area is the weakest point in the estimates. The yields for 
all principal localities are based on wholesale estimates and re¬ 
sults of actual operations. Thus the cut per township, or the 
cut for a number of sections, was considered, as also the esti¬ 
mates of lumbering and railway companies, besides the detailed 
experience of several hundred men, and the results weighed by 
comparing the growth in different localities. 
The proportions of hemlock and hardwood and the different 
kinds of hardwoods among themselves, is also ascertained in 
the same manner. There exist for ell principal localities, ex¬ 
tensive detailed estimates; those of the Chicago & Northwestern 
Railway, and also those made for several years by Mr. 
Ben. Hall of Marinette, are models of this kind. Of these, 
a number were examined, and in addition the views of different 
operators compared. To most men the figures of yield will 
probably seem high, and in truth 6 M. feet per acre, or 240 M. 
per 40, does appear like a large amount even for the best 
counties. But it must not be forgotten that here all kinds 
of timber, birch, maple, elm, etc., are considered merchantable, 
and also that all sizes above 12 inches diameter, and for oak 
and hemlock even tie sizes are included. Waste and swamp 
areas are excluded and thus only the acres of well stocked land 
enter into consideration. Those who consider the yield as 
taken too low (and there will be many of these) will bear in mind 
that merchantable saw timber in hardwoods and hemlock, is at 
present quite a different thing from pine, and also that both 
hardwoods and hemlocks are short-bodied, have been injured by 
