WHITE PINE. 
19 
and the milling, driving, grading, etc., are done with remarkable 
care and economy. Ordinary mature timber yields about 4 to 
4 1-2 logs per tree, where 5 to 7 logs cut 1 thousand feet B. M. 
The general average diameter of the pine logs is at present only 
about 14 inches and it takes 10 logs to make 1000 feet B. M. 
"Where much red (Norway) pine is cut, the size is even smaller; 
large quantities are logged today where 15 to 20 logs are re¬ 
quired to make 1 M. ft. B. M. 
Future .—The future of pine supplies necessarily depends on 
the amount of growing timber and its chance to grow. Through¬ 
out the hardwood districts there is no young growth of pine of 
any consequence. Some groves of young pine occur on many 
old and burned over slashings on the sandy loam and loamy 
sand districts, where settlement has put a stop to the fires. In 
all pineries proper many thickets of young pine occur which 
have sprung up during the last 25 years, but most of these are 
on land either never logged before or else but lightly culled. 
If protected, these groves could soon furnish a considerable 
quantity of merchantable timber, but under present conditions 
most of them will be crippled or entirely killed by fires or else 
cut into cord wood for shook purposes. By far the best ex¬ 
ample of thrifty young white pine on old burned over slashings 
may be seen at Shawano; other fine groves occur abundantly 
near Grand Bapids, and other places on the Wisconsin river and 
also on the Chippewa and its tributaries. These groves of pine 
have sprung up so gradually that in many cases persons familiar 
with the place are astonished when the young pine are pointed 
out to them. After the first fires the land is covered by fire- 
weed and aspen, then it is usually burned over a few times more, 
until the bulk of the debris is consumed, when the aspen is given 
a chance to form thickets of greater denseness. The common 
notion is that this is the end, that the land is now to continue in 
aspen and that aspen is the alternate in a "natural rotation’' of 
pine and hardwoods. If, however, there are any survivors of 
pine near by—a common case, especially on slashings of former 
years—young pine seedlings will soon make their appearance 
