SOILS. 
3 
cent, is rolling country, of which a considerable portion is 
steeply rolling, “kettle,” or “pot hole” land. 
i Soils .—The greater part of this area is covered by deep gray¬ 
ish clay and loam soils, bearing everywhere a forest of mixed 
hardwoods, or of hardwoods and conifers. A narrow belt of 
fertile “red clay” lands skirts Lake Superior and is stocked 
with a unique mixture of conifers and hardwoods, remarkable 
in the species which are associated and resembling more the reg¬ 
ular pinery of the sandy lands than the mixed woods of the 
loamy soils. A very variable mixture of loam and sandy loam 
overlies the land about Green Bay, also parts of Chippewa, 
Dunn, Barron, and Polk counties. About Green Bay this land 
bore a very heavy forest of pine with a fair mixture of hard¬ 
woods; in the western counties part of it was openings and part 
bore heavy pine forests. Throughout this area the presence of 
sjnd is indicated by the characteristic white birch. Sandy 
lands, continuous with the sands of Waushara, Adams, and 
Juneau counties, form the southern edge of this district through 
Portage, Wood, Jackson, Clark, Chippewa, and Dunn counties. 
These sandy lands are either oak and jack pine openings, i. e., 
brush prairies scatteringly covered by low brushy oaks and 
dense groves of small jack pine, or else the were regular pinery 
covered by a dense stand of valuable pine, without hardwoods. 
Within the large loam land area there occur three islands of 
sandy soil rather well defined, and in most places sharply 
marked. One of these, the “St. Croix Barrens,” extends in a 
belt 10-20 miles wide from the northwest comer of Polk county 
to the peninsula of Bayfield; the other a Y shaped tract with 
its southern apex near the junction of the Tomahawk and Wis¬ 
consin rivers and occupying the greater part of Oneida and 
Yilas counties, and the third a broad belt like the first, extend¬ 
ing from the Menominee river to about Lake Shawano and oc¬ 
cupying the central part of Marinette and a broad strip through 
Oconto and part of Shawano counties. 
In the aggregate the four several sandy districts occupy over 
one-fourth of the entire area under consideration; they are gen- 
