CONDITIONS IN COUNTIES. 
57 
on a gravelly gray loam; and the central and western part, a broad 
belt extending from T. 50, E. W. southwest into Douglas county, 
is a sandy jack pine and Norway pinery, with considerable white 
pine in places. The timber along the lake, except that of the Eed 
Cliff reservation, is generally cut; it is also heavily cut into on White 
and Nemakagon rivers and along the Northern Pacific Eailway. The 
present stand of pine is about 3,000 million feet, of which a large part 
falls to the regular pinery lands. In addition, there are about 400 
million feet of hemlock and an equal amount of hardwoods, most of 
which is birch, basswood, and maple; the oak, though abundant as 
scrub wood, being scarcely represented as a real timber tree. 
On some of the “barrens” or jack pine and bare sandy lands, no 
timber existed when logging began, but there is evidence that in for¬ 
mer times they, too, were covered by a forest of larger timber. 
The numerous swamps of the southeastern part of this county are 
fairly well stocked with both cedar and tamarack and also some 
spruce. The swamps of the estuaries along the lake are generally cov¬ 
ered by heavy growth of cedar. Bare wastes of great extent occur in 
all localities where pine logging has been going on. 
Burnett. —Nearly the entire county is a sandy jack pine and Norway 
pinery, dotted with regular “barrens” and island patches of better 
loam lands. In the northwest corner, north of the St. Croix river, 
is a tract of gray loam lands stocked originally with pine, lightly 
mixed with hardwoods. Along the south line of the county extends 
a body of loam lands covered in part by heavy and almost pure 
stands of hardwoods, only the sandy depressions bearing pine. The 
pine in this county is largely cut, the little hardwood damaged by 
fire and only jack pine occurs in extensive woods. The scattering 
pine is estimated at about 200 million feet and about 200 million feet 
of hardwoods are believed to occur in this county, besides some 300 
million feet of jack pine, which sooner or later must become of value. 
The swamps are largely bare or else covered by a light growth of 
tamarack. A large part of this county is positively bare land, being 
devoid of any forest cover. 
Chippewa. —The southwestern and south central one-fifth of the 
county is oak openings and prairie (extensively settled) in its west¬ 
ern, and jack pine woods in its eastern part; the remaining four-fifths 
of the county are forest. Of this, the part east of the Chippewa 
river and small tracts along the river on the west side, are covered 
by a mixed forest in which hemlock and birch are abundant, except 
on the southeastern part of the county, where the birch and hem¬ 
lock forest merges into an oak forest. In the timbered part of the 
county west of the river the hemlock is missing and birch much less 
