FORESTS OF WISCONSIN. 
£0 
swampy pinery, the rest is a forest of mixed hardwood, pine, and hem¬ 
lock, generally on gravelly gray loam. This mixed forest is inter¬ 
rupted and dotted with numerous bodies of pine lands, where the 
hemlock and hardwood almost disappear. The pine is mostly cut. It 
is claimed that about 500 million feet are still standing. The hardwoods 
and hemlock are unculled and but little hurt by fires except about the 
pine slashings. With 4 M. feet per acre of well stocked woods there 
are about 500 million feet of hemlock and 1,000 million feet of 
hardwoods, of which birch and basswood form about 60 per cent. As 
in the neighboring counties, a little red oak occurs in Forest, but is 
thinly scattered over the entire county and would hardly form more 
than 2 per cent, of the cut. Many of the swamps are open bogs, the 
rest are generally stocked and the swamp timber, cedar, tamarack, 
and spruce, amount to fully 300 million feet. Nearly all pine slash¬ 
ings are burned bare, so that a considerable amount of waste land 
occurs. 
Iron. —The southern one-fourth is a flat, loamy sand pinery of the 
same nature and continuous with that of Vilas and the northeast cor¬ 
ner of Price counties. The rest is a loam and clay area with a mixed 
forest of hardwoods, pine, and hemlock. On the range the hardwoods 
and hemlock predominate and pine is scattering, otherwise the pine 
forms a heavy mixture everywhere. The numerous swamps, espe¬ 
cially abundant in the southern half of the county, are generally 
stocked with cedar, tamarack, and some spruce, and these woods also 
invade more or less the low, flat portions of the ordinary woods, 
which are not really swamp. At present the pine is cut from parts 
of all townships, some of them being pretty well cleaned out, and the 
standing pine timber is estimated at only about 400 million feet. 
The hardwoods and hemlock have been cut clean on a small area about 
the mines, but otherwise remain unculled and not badly hurt by fire. 
The standing hemlock is estimated at about 350 million feet, and the 
hardwoods at about the same. Of these birch, basswood, and maple 
predominate. 
Jackson. —The western half is a sandy loam district almost entirely 
occupied by oak openings, mixed with some tracts of better soil with 
bodies of better hardwood timber. The eastern half is a level, sandy 
pinery with many swamps and no hardwood timber. This area fur¬ 
nished considerable pine, but is now largely cut and burned over, and 
only about 100 million feet of pine is claimed to be standing. Nu¬ 
merous small and large bodies of young sapling pine and also of jack 
pine interrupt the extensive bare wastes. The swamps which are 
generally bare of merchantable material, were formerly stocked 
chiefly with tamarack, but have been cleaned out by repeated fires. 
