70 
FORESTS OF WISCONSIN. 
tree or shrub. The “scrub oak” of the openings, along the southern 
and western edge of the region is formed of a variable mixture of all 
species of oak of the territory. 
6. ASH. 
a. Black ash ( Fraxinus nigra ) and 
b. White ash ( Fraxinus americana), the former by far the more 
common, are found in every county, are generally restricted to the 
swamps and on the whole form a very small portion of these woods 
either in number of specimens or as saw timber. 
7. ASPEN. 
a. Aspen ( Populus tremuloides) , very commonly called poplar. 
b. Large-toothed aspen ( Popnlus grandidentata ) is very common in 
all parts of north Wisconsin; it is much more conspicuous on the 
cut-over lands as brushy cover, in the sandy pineries as scattered mix¬ 
ture, and also in the mixed forests of the Lake Superior region than 
in the better hardwood forest, where it forms but an insignificant 
proportion of the merchantable material. 
Of the less conspicuous or less important forest trees must be men¬ 
tioned: 
Butternut ( Juglans cinerea ) scattered throughout the better hard¬ 
wood forest. 
Blue beech ( Carpinus caroliniana ) and hop hornbeam ( Ostrya vir- 
giniana ), both of which occur quite abundantly in all hardwood for¬ 
ests without ever forming merchantable timber. 
Hickory, chiefly pignut, bitternut and mockernut ( Hicoria minima y 
glabra and alba ) occur in the southern districts and occasionally reach 
timber size. 
Black cherry ( Prunus serotina ) rarely occurs on the better lands and 
cannot be considered as an important tree. 
