74 
FORESTS OF WISCONSIN. 
2. A level sandy pinery area, occupying the northern part of the 
county east of R. 5 E., forming a broad Y-shaped body, rapidly widen¬ 
ing from its apex, below junction of Wisconsin and Tomahawk rivers, 
and extending into Oneida. 
The soil and subsoil here is a light loamy sand of great depth, me¬ 
dium grain, and generally a reddish gray color, more or less mixed, 
locally, with a fine gravel. This area was densely covered by a forest 
of white pine, with about 20 per cent. Norway, and, locally, some 
jack pine. This is now practically all cut, and repeated fire have 
cleared the greater part of all forest cover, leaving the ground cov¬ 
ered by brake, sweet fern, and bushy scrub oak and poplar, neither 
of which seems capable to form a tree under these conditions. A 
number of fire-damaged groves of sapling and small pine interrupt 
these tracts of barren lands. 
VIII. FOREST GROWTH. 
A. Timber lands, i. e., from w r hich little or no timber has been 
taken. 
(а) Originally: Mixed forest, 75 per cent, of area, in which Pine, 
40 per cent.; hard woods, 30 per cent.; Hemlock, 30 per cent. Pine 
woods, 14 per cent, of area; swamps, 9 per cent, of area; lakes and 
rivers, 2 per cent, of area. 
woods, 14 per cent, of area; swamps, 9 per cent, of area; lakes and 
(б) At present: 
1. Hardwoods: 
Of these, proportion in mixed forest— 
Oak, 3 per cent., nearly all Red Oak; Elm, 20 per cent., nearly half 
Rock Elm; Ash, 5 per cent., nearly all Black Ash; Maple, 15 percent.; 
Basswood, 25 per cent.; Birch, 30 per cent.; White Birch and Poplar,. 
2 per cent. 
Size and quality vary with the soil. Maple is very abundant, but 
much is defective. Hickory, Blue Beech, Hop Hornbeam, and Butter¬ 
nut occur. 
The standing pine suitable for ordinary logging is placed at about 
75,000,000 feet. To this must be added large quantities of scattered 
material which is being logged, chiefly by farmers, in a small way, 
and which will swell the total cut easily to 250,000,000 feet B. M. 
2. Mixed conifers, with or without hard woods, 345,000 acres; yield, 
6,000 feet per acre; Hemlock, 50 per cent.; quality, good; diameter,. 
18 inches; height, 85 feet; hard woods, 50 per cent.; quality, common; 
diameter, 18 inches; height, 70 feet; Hemlock is good, cuts 2 1 / & _ 3 logs 
per tree, 10 logs per 1,000 feet; hard woods, short-bodied, 2 logs per 
tree, 6-8 logs per 1,000 feet; White and Norway Pine mostly cut. 
