The  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
29 
Farm  Mechanics 
Conducted  by  Robert  H.  Smith,  of  the  Canton  Agricultural  School 
Canton,  New  York 
Governor  for  Tread  Powei 
Is  there  such  a  thing  as  a  governor  for 
a  one-horsepower  treadmill?  How  much 
of  a  grade  must  I  make  it  in  order  to 
give  me  enough  power  to  run  a  10-in. 
ripsaw,  drill  press,  emery  wheel  and 
grindstone?  F.  G. 
Clinton,  Conn. 
Governors  are  made  for  tread  powers 
which  operate  through  weights  placed  in 
the  flywheel.  As  the  speed  of  the  wheel 
increases  above  normal  these  weights  fly 
outward,  and  in  so  doing  grip  by  means 
of  friction  shoes  a  small  drum,  causing 
it  to  revolve  with  the  fly-wheel  and  wind 
up  a  rope,  which  in  turn  applies  the 
brake  to  the  wheel  and  prevents  the 
speed  from  running  too  high.  At  ordi¬ 
nary  running  speed  the  drum  around 
which  the  rope  winds  is  stationary  and 
the  governor  is  inactive,  becoming  effec¬ 
tive  only  when  the  speed  increases  above 
the  point  to  which  the  governor  was  set. 
It  is  impossible  to  tell  you  definitely  at 
just  what  pitch  to  set  your  power  to  pro¬ 
vide  power  for  the  machines  mentioned, 
so  much  depends  upon  the  weight  of  the 
horse,  the  condition  of  both  the  power 
and  saw,  the  material  to  be  sawed  and 
the  rate  at  which  it  is  to  be  sawed.  A 
10-in.  saw,  if  in  poor  condition,  may  re¬ 
quire  considerable  power,  even  in  light 
material.  The  power  requirement  is  also 
considerable  when  used  in  thick,  hard 
material  with  a  heavy  rate  of  feed.  The 
saw  only  is  mentioned,  as  it  is  improbable 
that  more  than  one  of  the  machines  listed 
will  be  in  use  at  one  time,  and  the  saw 
is  the  heaviest  power  user  of  the  lot.  A 
saw  of  this  size  should  be  belted  to  run 
at  about  3,900  revolutions  per  minute. 
Using  a  1.500-lb.  horse,  walking  at  2y2 
miles  per  hour,  better  than  two  horse¬ 
power  would  be  developed  with  the  power 
set  at  an  incline  of  1  ft.  in  4.  If  the 
saw  is  kept  in  good  condition  and  the 
attempt  is  not  made  to  feed  it  too  rapidly 
it  should  work  satisfactorily  with  this 
power.  This  is  about  as  steep  a  grade 
as  the  horse  should  be  required  to  work 
upon. 
Protecting  Water  Pipes  from  Frost 
I  supply  my  water  tank,  elevated  20  ft., 
by  a  pump  from  a  well.  The  pipe  to 
tank  is.  of  course,  exposed.  Is  there  any 
advantage  in  protecting  from  freezing  in 
having  a  pipe  larger  than  an  inch  t  \V  hat 
is  the  best  absolutely  protective  covering 
I  can  use?  w.  F.  M. 
Furniss,  Pa. 
The  best  possible  protection  for  exposed 
piping  is  to  drain  it  during  freezing 
weather.  This  is  probably  impossible  in 
your  case,  as  the  pipe  referred  to  is,  no 
doubt,  a  part  of  the  supply  system. 
Hair  quilt  is  recommended  as  a  good 
insulator  for  this  purpose.  A  leading 
manufacturer  recommends  first  wrapping 
the  pipe  in  waterproof  asbestos  felt  anil 
then  applying  three  or  more  layers  of 
1-in.  thick  hair  felt  with  a  waterproof 
layer  between  each  wrapping.  The  whole 
is  then  enclosed  in  a  waterproof  jacket  of 
rooting  material.  The  pipe  can.  then  be 
enclosed  in  a  tight  wooden  box,  packed 
with  dry  sawdust  and  covered  with  roof¬ 
ing  paper.  This  is  not  recommended  as 
an  absolutely  sure  protection,  but  is  prob¬ 
ably  as  good  protection  as  can  be  secured 
short  of  walling  up  the  tower  and  main¬ 
taining  heat  beneath  it  during  the  Winter 
months.  A  pipe  of  this  kind  is  in  a  very 
exposed  position,  and  is  difficult  to  keep 
above  the  freezing  point.  The  water  from 
the  tank  is  at  a  very  low  temperature  to 
start  with,  and  the  escape  of  a  little  more 
heat  permits  the  water  to  freeze  in  the 
pipe.  Conditions  favoring  heat  insulation 
are  absolute  dryness  and  a  cellular  dead- 
air  space,  therefore  leakage  from  the  top 
of  the  pipe  into  the  protective  covering 
must  be  guarded  against.  Care  must  also 
be  taken  to  see  that  the  bottom  of  the 
tank  is  protected  where  the  supply  pipe 
enters  it,  or  freezing  may  take  place  at 
this  point.  This  is  particularly  true  if 
the  tank  happens  to  be  made  of  metal. 
A  large  pipe,  because  of  the  larger  water 
content,  will  freeze  more  slowly  than  a 
smaller  one. 
Increasing  Water  Flow 
Can  you  give  me  any  information  about 
water  pressure?  I  am  told  if  I  get  a 
large  pipe  %-in.  tap  will  be  large 
enough.  It  runs  out  of  main  by  %-in. 
tap  300  ft.  of  1-in.  pipe,  a  rise  of  16  ft. 
to  farm,  then  reduced  to  %  in.  and  into 
three  faucets  %  in.  When  we  draw  on 
one  it  stop  on  others,  and  not  much  pres¬ 
sure.  If  I  get  1%  in.  or  2  in.  from  tap 
to  farm,  will  the  %-in.  tap  from  the  main 
be  large  enough  to  send  it  with  more 
force  into  the  three  faucets?  w.  h.  m. 
Greenwich,  Conn. 
While  you  do  not  say  how  much  fall 
there  is  between  the  surface  of  the  water 
in  the  town  reservoir  and  the  point  of  de¬ 
livery  on  the  farm,  or  how  much  %-in. 
pipe  is  used  in  the  farm  system,  it  is  evi¬ 
dent  that  the  small  flow  at  the  faucets  is 
due  to  friction  or  resistance  to  flow  in  the 
pipe  itself,  and  this  in  connection  with  a 
pirobable  small  head  of  water  on  the  line. 
Increasing  the  size  of  the  pipe  as  you 
suggest  will  help  to  some  extent,  although 
if  there  is  but  little  %-in.  pipe  used  in 
connection  with  the  300  ft.  of  1-iu.  pipe 
mentioned,  it  would  seem  rather  unnec¬ 
essary  to  increase  the  size  to  2  in. ;  1% 
in.  to  1  y2  in.  would  seem  sufficient.  The 
whole  benefit  of  this  increased  size  can 
only  be  realized  by  using  a  connection  of 
the  same  size  at  the  main.  Putting  in  a 
connection  of  this  size  would  not  be  an 
expensive  job  and  would  furnish  more 
water  than  the  %-in.  connection  is  capa¬ 
ble  of  doing. 
If  the  head,  or  vertical  distance  be¬ 
tween  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the 
reservoir  and  the  point  of  discharge  is 
little,  as  the  conditions  outlined  seem  to 
indicate,  the  discharge  will  be  slow  even 
with  the  larger  pipe,  although  at  a  faster 
rate  than  is  now  obtained. 
Ice  Fails  to  Keep 
Could  you  suggest  a  reason  why  my 
ice  did  not  keep  very  well  last  Summer? 
My  icehouse  is  built  double  wall  all 
around  and  nearly  square,  with  a  milk- 
room  at  one  end,  and  stands  on  a  good 
stone  foundation.  The  soil  underneath 
is  a  loam  with  a  clay  subsoil,  and  only 
2  or  3  ft.  deep  to  rock.  The  house  has 
plenty  of  top  ventilation.  In  packing 
this  ice  we  put  a  foot  or  more  of  saw¬ 
dust  on  the  bottom,  well  packed  down. 
The  ice  was  packed  as  close  as  possible 
on  top  of  this,  using  snow  and  cracked 
ice  to  chink  in.  We  then  packed  saw¬ 
dust  a  foot  thick  all  around  and  good 
and  deep  on  top.  but  it  went  down  fast 
after  warm  weather  set  in.  g.  ii.  s. 
Gasport,  N.  Y. 
I  cannot  say  definitely  just  what  is 
causing  your  difficulty,  as  you  seem  to 
have  mot  the  conditions  necessary  for 
successful  storage.  It  is  possible,  how¬ 
ever,  that  the  drainage  beneath  the  ice 
pile  is  unsatisfactory.  If  this  is  at  fault 
melting  will  be  rapid,  as  the  sawdust 
packing  loses  its  heat  insulating  qualities 
to  a  large  extent  when  wet. 
Another  possible  cause  of  failure  is  t'he 
stone  foundation  mentioned.  Without 
doubt  this  is  considerably  thicker  than 
the  frame  wall  above  it,  and  consequently 
may  come  closer  to  the  ice  pile  than  you 
think,  even  though  you  do  have  sawdust 
packing  a  foot  in  thickness  surrounding 
the  pile.  Stone  is  a  reasonably  good  con¬ 
ductor  of  heat,  and  may  permit  heat  to 
enter  here  and  cause  the  melting. 
I  would  suggest  that  you  look  to  the 
points  mentioned,  and  when  packing  the 
ice  this  Winter  provide  for  a  greater 
thickness  of  sawdust  both  beneath  and 
around  the  pile,  as  this  will  tend  to  over¬ 
come  both  air  and  heat  leakage  if  it  takes 
place  about  the  base  of  the  ice  pile 
through  the  foundation,  as  I  suspect. 
Cornell  University  publishes  a  bulletin 
on  ice  storage  that  may  be  obtained  for 
the  asking  and  which  should  prove  of 
interest  to  you. 
Improving  Shallow  Well 
I  have  a  dug  well  tiled  up  with  18-in. 
tile,  11  ft.  deep.  I  use  a  gasoline  engine 
to  pump  the  water  for  an  air-pressure 
water  system.  At  present  the  water  is 
very  low  in  well,  only  about  15  in.  Would 
it  be  practical  to  drive  a  pipe  (1%  in.) 
into  the  bottom  of  this  well  (gravel  soil), 
putting,  check  valves  nearly  bottom  of  the 
tile,  and  pump  with  the  engine?  Of 
course,  put  a  Strainer  point  at  bottom  of 
pipe.  I  cannot  lower  tile  in  well  because 
of  a  large  rock  in  the  way.  it.  p.  h. 
Sheridan,  N.  Y. 
Whether  or  not  this  could  be  done  suc¬ 
cessfully  depends  upon  a  number  of 
things.  I  expect  that  with  the  outfit  you 
are  now  using  for  pumping  you  have  a 
shallow  well  pump  located  in  the  base¬ 
ment  or  near  your  storage  tank.  If  this 
is  so  you  would  have  to  make  sure  that 
the  use  of  the  well  point  would  not  place 
your  water  supply  be’ow  “suction”  dis¬ 
tance,  15  to  20  ft.,  the  exact  distance  de¬ 
pending  somewhat  upon  the  horizontal 
distance  the  water  has  to  be  drawn  to  the 
pump. 
You  should  also  assure  yourself  of  an 
ample  supply  of  water  in  the  gravel  at 
the  bottom  of  the  existing  well,  for  after 
driving  and  attaching  pump  to  the  well 
point  all  water  used  would  be  taken  from 
this  source.  Wells  of  this  type  usually 
furnish  good  water,  but  frequently  fail 
after  a  few  years,  due  to  strainer  on 
point  becoming  incrusted.  To  overcome 
this  trouble,  open-ended  pipe  is  some¬ 
times  used  for  driving,  without  a  strain¬ 
er.  Where  this  is  done  a  smaller  pipe 
connected  to  a  force  pump  is  used  to  stir 
up  the  material  inside  the  pump  and  re¬ 
move  it  by  means  of  water  pumped  in 
through  the  small  pipe,  the  water  wash¬ 
ing  the  sand  and  dirt  to  the  top  of  the 
pipe  and  out.  Farmers’  Bulletin  941.  ob¬ 
tainable  from  the  Superintendent  of  Doc¬ 
uments  at  Washington  for  a  small  sum, 
or  through  your  Congressman,  has  a 
great  deal  of  material  on  well  construc¬ 
tion  and  water  supplies  that  no  doubt 
would  be  of  interest  to  you.  . 
Rotary  Pump  Fails  to  Work 
On  my  farm  I  have  a  rotary  pump 
located  50  ft.  from  spring,  with  a  15-fr. 
elevation.  The  pump  is  run  from  a 
countershaft,  runs  450  r.p.rn.  1  have 
primed,  and  the  pump  does  not  pull  water. 
The  top  of  pump  is  open.  1.  llow  many 
t evolutions  per  minute  should  I  run  the 
pump?  2.  At  what  elevation  can  a  ro¬ 
tary  pump  pull?  3.  How  far  from  source 
of  water  can  a  rotary  pump  pull?  4. 
Must  the  flow  pipe  be  connected  up  to 
keep  out  air?  a.  s. 
Dutchess  Co.,  X.  Y. 
1.  The  small  size  rotary  pumps  are 
usually  run  at  from  100  to  200  revolu¬ 
tions  per  minute,  200  r.p.m.  being  a  com¬ 
mon  speed  for  belt-driven  pumps  of  the 
size  commonly  used  in  farm  practice. 
2.  It  will  lift  water  the  usual  suction 
distance,  i.  e.,  20  ft.,  although  the  nearer 
the  water  it  can  be  placed  the  better  it 
will  work,  as  is  the  case  with  any  pump, 
3.  As  to  the  horizontal  distance  that  a 
pump  of  this  kind  can  be  placed  from  the 
water  supply,  it  depends  largely  upon  the 
$ize  of  pipe  used  and  the  rate  of  flow 
through  it.  The  use  of  small  pipe  for 
carrying  water  at  high  velocity  creates 
excessive  friction,  which  has  the  same 
effect  on  the  pump  as  placing  it  too  high 
above  the  water.  With  pipe  the  .size  of 
the  connection  on  the  pump  and  the  pump 
run  at  normal  speed,  it  should  pull  water 
through  50  ft.  of  pipe  without  difficulty. 
Make  sure,  though,  that  the  pipe  line 
does  not  incline  upward  from  the  source 
of  supply  to  the  pump,  making  the  pump 
too  high  above  the  water  for  satisfactory 
service. 
4.  The  pump  should  operate  with  the 
discharge  or  service  pipe  disconnected, 
the  water  discharging  from  the  opening. 
I  would  suggest  that  you  go  over  your 
suction  line  carefully  and  see  that  all 
connections  are  tight,  and  if  it  has  not 
already  been  done,  fit  a  foot  valve,  or  at 
least  a  check  valve,  in  the  suction  line. 
In  priming,  fill  the  suction  pipe  full  of 
water  and  make  sure  that  in  running 
your  pump  is  turned  in  the  right  direc¬ 
tion  ;  the  cams  or  projections  on  the  run¬ 
ners  should  move  upward  at  the  outside 
and  down  in  the  center. 
Cement  on  Board  Floor 
l._  M  hat  paint  can  I  use  on  my  gal¬ 
vanized  water  buckets  and  drinking  pans 
in  a  chicken-house  to  protect  the  metal? 
I  use  potassium  permanganate  in  the 
water  all  the  time.  I  mix  semi-solid  but¬ 
termilk  in  water  bucket,  just  long  enough 
to  dissolve,  and  feed  in  earthenware.  2. 
Is  it  practical  to  lay  a  lin.  cement  floor 
and  a  wood  floor  (single  and  double)  that 
is  about  31/2  to  4  ft.  above  ground?  Will 
the  cement  hold  in  cold  weather  without 
cracking,  not  using  any  reinforcement? 
Newton,  Pa.  c.  j.  b. 
1.  I  referred  the  portion  of  your  letter  re¬ 
ferring  to  protection  of  pails  against  per¬ 
manganate  of  potash  to  a  chemist.  He 
tells  me  that  he  knows  of  no  paint  that 
will  not  be  acted  upon  by  this  chemical. 
It  is  an  oxidizing  agent  and  gradually 
acts  on  the  ingredients  of  the  paint.  It 
was  suggested  that  you  use  chloride  of 
lime  instead  of  the  potassium  perman¬ 
ganate.  It  has  a  greater  disinfecting 
power,  and  can  be  used  in  a  very  weak 
dilution.  Possibly  the  use  of  enameled 
or  agate  ironware  for  pails  and  drinking 
fountains  would  relieve  your  trouble. 
2.  The  portion  of  your  letter  pertain¬ 
ing  to  floor  construction  is  not  fully  un¬ 
derstood.  If  the  idea  is  to  lay  a  thin 
concrete  floor  of  1  in.  in  thickness  over  a 
wood  lining,  there  would  be  very  little 
chance  for  success.  The  wood  floor  be¬ 
neath  would  not  be  sufficiently  rigid  to 
prevent  springing  and  cracking  of  the 
concrete  floor  above. 
Piping  Water 
I  would  like  to  give  my  experience  in 
water  a  distance  for  the  benefit 
of  D.  H.  C.,  who  inquires,  and  is 
answered  on  page  1271,  on  this  subject. 
Our  pipe  line  is  about  275  ft.  long,  %- 
in.  galvanized  iron  pipe,  laid  4  ft.  deep, 
and  is  supplied  from  a  force  pump  and 
windmill.  The  lift  is  from  30  to  40  ft. 
at  the  well,  and  a  3% -in.  cylinder  is 
used.  This  pipe  was  laid  to  supply  wa¬ 
ter  at.  the  barn,  with  no  idea  of  using  it 
for  milk  cooling  near  the  barn  when  put 
in.  Later  we  built  a  milk-house  a  few 
feet  from  the  pipe  line  near  the  barn,  the 
milk-house  being  about  10  ft.  from  the 
old  barn  well,  which  runs  short  of  water 
in  dry  seasons. 
As  for  cooling  milk,  the  supply  of  water 
from  the  distant  well  was  cool  enough 
up  to  about  June,  when  the  temperature 
gradually  increased  until  it  got  about 
eight  or  10  degrees  above  the  well  tem¬ 
perature.  This  does  not  change  back  to 
normal  until  about  October  15  or  later, 
when  the  weather  will  cool  the  water 
down  to  50  degrees  or  less.  I  use  an  en¬ 
gine  at  the  milk-house  well  from  June 
until  October.  The  water  has  to  be 
lifted  about  30  ft.,  and  the  pump  has  a 
3-in.  cylinder,  but  a  3)4 -in.  one  could  be 
used  to  better  advantage  for  the  iy2-h.y>. 
engine,  and  it  would  not  work  too  hard 
for  some  hand  pumping. 
The  way  I  look  at  that  problem,  I 
would  say  that  D.  II.  C.  would  just  be 
wasting  his  time  and  money  to  lay  60 
rods  of  pipe  if  he  expected  to  cool  milk 
with  the  water  at  the  other  end  of  the 
line.  He  would  better  put  up  ice,  or  else 
dig  a  well  near  the  milk-house  and  use  an 
engine  or  pump  by  hand  if  the  lift  were 
only  a  few  feet.  I  need  to  run  my  engine 
about  15  or  20  minutes  each  milking  for 
10  or  12  gallons  of  milk.  The  fresh  wa¬ 
ter  goes  to  the  bottom  of  the  tank,  and 
the  tank  is  not  emptied  each  time. 
Wisconsin.  c.  r.  outhrie. 
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RIPE,  juicy  oranges  and  grapefruit,  shipped 
direct  from  grove,  carefully  packed  bushel 
crates;  oranges,  $2;  grapefruit,  $1.50;  mixed 
approximately  30  grapefruit  and  86  oranges 
$1.75;  express  $1.65  to  New  York:  trv  them. 
WALTER  MARSLAND,  Winter  Haven,  Fla. 
STRAW  FLOWERS  for  Winter  bouquets,  50c 
per  bunch,  prepaid,  n.  HILLS,  Bristol,  Ind. 
MILK  CHOCOLATE — Made  at  our  dairy;  the 
best  you  ever  tasted;  box  of  120  pieces  •>  lbs 
net,  postpaid,  for  $1;  stores  sell  this  at  $1.75; 
thousands  ol  Rural  New-Yorker  readers  among 
my  well  satisfied  customers.  Are  you  one  of 
them?  Please  send  remittance  with  order.  R. 
W.  WIND,  Babylon,  L.  I.,  N.  Y. 
FOR  SALE — Baldwin  A  Grade  2'4-incli;  will 
sell  for  ungraded,  $4,  delivered.  ADVER¬ 
TISER  2287,  care  Rural  New-Yorker. 
HONEY — Extracted  clover-basswood,  00-lb  can 
at  our  station,  $7.80;  buckwheat,  $6.30;  10 
lbs.,  delivered  in  third  postal  zone,  $2.05;  buck¬ 
wheat,  $1.80.  RAY  C.  WILCOX,  Odessa,  N.  Y 
WANTED — Carload  well-cured  Alfalfa,  second 
cutting;  give  price  and  description.  KNOLL- 
CROFT  FARM,  Lyons,  N.  J. 
( 1 1  ii  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  m  1 1 1 1  >  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  m  1 1 1 1 1 
Is  there  a  single  book  iu  the  public 
library  in  your  town  which  gives  an  ac¬ 
curate  picture  of  farm  life  or  an  interest¬ 
ing  story  of  real  farm  people? 
Many  city  people  form  their  opinion  of 
farmers  and  farm  life  from  the  books  they 
read.  Therefore,  there  ought  to  be  at 
.'east  one  good  book  picturing  real  farm 
life,  with  its  mixture  of  bright  and  dark 
sides,  in  every  town  or  grange  library. 
“Hope  Farm  Notes”  is  a  well-printed 
224-page  book,  containing  25  interesting 
stories  of  farm  life  and  country  people. 
Many  consider  it  the  best  book  of  country 
life  which  has  ever  been  published. 
Ask  for  this  book  at  your  library,  and 
if  it  isn’t  there  tell  them  they  ought  to 
have  it.  You  . will .  enjoy  the  book  your¬ 
self,  and  it  will  give  those  not  familiar 
with  farm  life  a  better  understanding  of 
real  country  people. 
Many  people  are  making  a  present  of 
this  book  to  city  friends  or  to  their  town, 
grange  or  school  library,  and  it  is  always 
considered  a  welcome  ai ft. 
The  price  is  only  $1.50,  postpaid.  Just 
fill  out  the  coupon  below  and  mail  with 
a  check  or  money  order. 
RURAL  NEW-YORKER, 
333  West  30tli  St.,  New  York. 
Gentlemen. — Enclosed  find  $1.50,  for  which 
mall  me  a  cloth-bound  copy  of  Hope  Farm  Notes. 
Name  . 
Street  or  R.  F.  D 
Postoffice  . 
State  . . 
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