l>  •  Mill  ii-  AUki  t-iM  J  Al  *LaL.  *, 
<R(  RURAL.  NEW-YORKER 
341 
will  be  kept  near  market.  The  dry  cows 
and  young  stock  will  be  kept  far  back 
arrioung  the  hills  on  cheaper  land.  W  e 
shall  therefore  be  driven  more  and  more 
tc  the  use  of  green  crops,  while  manure 
will  be  most  largely  used  in  a  direct  form 
for  inoculating  the  soil  rather  than  feed¬ 
ing  crops.  Thirty  years  from  now.  1 
think,  there  will  be  a  great  demand  for 
diied  and  bagged  manure  used  largely 
to  supply  the  bacteria  needed  in  green 
manuring.  In  those  days  I  think  dried 
and  fined  chicken  manure  on  some  of  the 
large  chicken  farms  will  be  nearly  as 
profitable  as  egg  production.  In  fact,  this 
increased  value  of  manure  will  make  such 
work  as  beef-making  profitable  once  more 
in  this  section.  For  we  shall  find  more 
and  more  that  the  bacteria  in  manure  are 
necessary  to  use  with  our  green  manures 
in  order  to  obtain  best  results.  I  do  not 
think  that  extracts  or  “cultures”  of  these 
bacteria  can  ever  be  made  to  equal  the 
real  manure.  I  think  we  must  come  to 
abandon  our  present  theory  that  lime  and 
clover  are  necessary  in  improving  our 
soils.  We  are  to  make  greater  use  of  the 
so-called  acid  soil  legumes  now  grown  in 
the  South.  Cow  peas.  Soy  beans,  velvet 
beans  and  beggarweed  all  grow  on  acid 
soil,  and  can,  I  believe,  be  adapted  to 
Northern  culture.  There  is  to  be  a  won¬ 
derful  development  in  electric  power  and 
distribution.  I  think  in  time  this  mighty 
force  is  to  be  distributed  by  wireless.  It 
will  be  sent  everywhere  and  put  to  dozens 
of  new  uses.  Machines  of  farm  size  will 
be  made  for  taking  nitrogen  from  the  air 
and  fitting  it  for  fertilizer.  The  current 
will  be  used  for  obtaining  soluble  potash 
from  the  Jersey  .sand  marls  or  from 
crushed  New  England  granite.  Wires 
will  be  run  into  compost  heaps  or  even 
below  ground  as  irrigation  pipes  are  now 
placed  above  ground,  and  the  electric  cur¬ 
rent  used  to  decompose  and  make  avail¬ 
able  forms  of  plant  food  now  considered 
of  little  use  In  fact,  as  you  will  see.  I 
think  the  future  has  great  things  in  store 
for  those  who  live  on  the  upper  Atlantic. 
I  hope  these  mighty  changes  will  break 
up  and  distribute  the  monopoly  so  long 
enjoyed  by  the  big  interests  and  give  the 
individual  a  fairer  chance.  Yet  I  can  see 
great  shadows  ahead  of  us.  too — business, 
political  and  social.  While  I  am  no 
prophet,  I  have  lived  some  years  and  have 
seen  many  changes  come  and  go.  I  will 
try  to  tell  what  I  think  about  them  next 
week.  H.  \V.  C. 
(To  be  continued) 
The  Dust  Sprays 
( Continued  from  Page  339) 
taken  in  1920  and  1921,  and  fully  con¬ 
firm  the  earlier  work,  so  that  experi¬ 
mentally,  for  New  York  State  at  least, 
tne  question  of  the  relative  efficiency  of 
dusting  as  compared  with  spraying  would 
seem  to  be  sufficiently  conclusive.  The 
adoption  of  it  by  many  of  our  best  grow¬ 
ers  would  seem  to  settle  the  question  of 
its  practicability  and  profitableness.  In 
1920  the  writer  presented  before  the  New 
York  State  Horticultural  meeting  a  sum¬ 
mary  of  experimental  results  obtained  in 
Michigan,  Nova  Scotia  and  Illinois,  in 
addition  to  those  in  New  York.  The 
evidence  for  dust  in  these  three  sections 
was  quite  as  conclusive  as  that  in  New 
York.  Massachusetts  reports  for  1922 
equally  satisfactory  results  with  dust  on 
McIntosh  and  other  varieties.  Experi¬ 
ments  in  some  States  still  report  poor 
results  with  dust.  Their  failures,  like 
all  failures,  can  be  explained  away,  but 
one  can  scarcely  explain  away  the  grow¬ 
ing  numbers  of  successes  with  dust  both 
in  experimental  work  and  in  practical 
orchard  operations.  The  only  way  to  dis¬ 
count  them  is  to  impeach  the  honesty  of 
the  scientific  workers  who  have  made  the 
experiments,  or  the  sanity  of  the  practi¬ 
cal  growers  who  believe  that  they  have 
gotten  results  to  warrant  them  in  pre¬ 
ferring  dusting  to  spraying.  After  all,  I 
am  not  writing  this  article  to  convert 
those  who  still  spray.  I  am  writing  for 
tiie  man  who  dusts  or  wants  to  dust. 
Time  and  the  wheels  of  progress  will 
bring  them  around  to  the  adoption  of 
the  new  method.  It  has  come  to  stay 
until  a  better  one,  be  it  gas  or  X-rays, 
shall  replace  it.  The  fact  that  a  rapidly 
growing  number  of  our  growers  are  using 
dust  and  dusters  makes  it  desirable  that 
we  should  now  devote  our  efforts  to  as¬ 
sisting  them  with  ideas  and  information 
on  the  most  effective  use  of  this  new 
method  for  the  control  of  their  diseases 
and  pests.  The  following  suggestions 
may  be  of  some  service  in  this  direction. 
Dust  to  Use. — Dusts  for  fruits  have 
been  most  fully  developed.  The  standard 
for  apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums  and 
cherries  in  New  York  State  may  be 
safely  said  to  be  finely  ground  sulphur 
and  arsenate  of  lead.  The  90-10  mix¬ 
ture  is  probably  of  most  general  utility, 
and  will  constitute  the  bulk  of  the  mate¬ 
rial  to  be  used  by  most  growers  who 
dust.  Where  scab  of  apples  or  brown 
rot  of  peaches  alone  is  the  chief  enemy 
to  be  combated  a  95-5  mixture  will  be 
found  quite  as  effective  and  less  expen¬ 
sive.  Dusting  sulphur  alone  must  have 
a  Suffer  of  some  kind  in  it.  Arsenate  of 
lead  is  on  the  whole  probably  the  best, 
but  hydrated  lime  may  often  be  used  to 
advantage. 
Coppek-Liiie. — Much  is  being  made 
now  of  the  copper-lime  dusts  for  apple 
scab,  and  some  growers  the  past  season 
appear  to  have  got  excellent  results  with 
it.  Extensive  experimental  evidence  with 
copper-lime  dust  on  fruit  is  wanting,  but 
( Continued  on  Page  35S) 
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31 
