•e  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
769 
Horticultural  Notes 
Ten  Years’  Results  of  Dusting 
Part  I. 
Wot  king  the  Right  Way. — For  10 
years  I  have  used  dust  on  apples,  pears, 
cherries  and  peaches,  and  have  carefully 
watched  the  results  and  amounts  used  on 
more  than  15  farms  and,  from  the  figures 
secured  and  this  experience,  I  have  some 
observations  and  suggestions  to  offer  those 
who  are  beginning  to  use  dust.  Dust,  like 
spray,  is  not  always  successful,  and  for 
the  same  reasons,  viz.,  the  wrong  dust  is 
used  or  applied  at  the  wrong  time,  or  the 
work  is  not  done  thoroughly.  The  fail¬ 
ures  with  dust  are,  however,  fewer,  be¬ 
cause  the  grower  has  more  control  over 
the  time  of  application  and  can  get  a  bet¬ 
ter  distribution  of  the  material.  Fur¬ 
thermore,  the  work  of  dusting  is  so  much 
easier  and  cleaner  than  spraying  that 
growers  do  make  more  and  better  appli¬ 
cations.  I  have  sorted  the  fruit  from 
five  to  17  orchards  every  year  the  last  10 
years,  and  the  dusted  fruit  has  always 
averaged  better  grade  than  the  sprayed 
fruit,  even  where  the  number  of  applica¬ 
tions  was  the  same. 
Changing  Conditions. — I  believe  that 
insect  and  fungus  diseases  are  becoming 
more  prevalent  in  all  the  intensive  fruit 
section^  and  that  more  spraying  or 
dusting  has  become  necessary.  I  also  be¬ 
lieve  the  day  for  marketing  low-grade 
fruit,  except  for  by-products,  is  past,  and 
that  the  only  fruit  that  will  pay  a  profit 
from  now  on  is  good  fruit,  I  have 
watched  spraying  develop  from  the  one 
dormant  spray  for  scale  to  the  present 
programs,  which  call  for  as  much  as  nine 
or  10  applications.  We  have  had  a  corre¬ 
sponding  growth  and  change  in  materials 
for  spraying  and  dusting,  and  the  ma¬ 
chinery  for  applying  them,  until  now  we 
have  a  very  complete  and  effective  equip¬ 
ment  in  every  way.  I  have  taken  a  num¬ 
ber  of  figures  from  different  years  and 
different  farms  to  arrive  at  a  fair  work¬ 
ing  idea  of  what  spray  or  dust  to  use, 
what  insects  or  fungi  are  most  to  be 
guarded  against  at  each  application,  the 
amounts  to  use  per  tree,  and  how  these 
amounts  will  vary  with  the  different  ap¬ 
plications — some  heavy  and  some  light, 
depending  on  how  much  the  grower  wants 
to  spend  for  protection  at  that  particular 
time  and  for  that  particular  orchard  or 
pest.  These  are  based  on  conditions  in 
the  Hudson  River  Valley  section. 
Covering  the  Whole  Surface. — One 
of  the  great  economies  of  dust  spraying 
is  that  one  can  cover  the  whole  surface 
lightly  or  heavily  with  dust,  but  the  whole 
surface  will  he  covered,  whereas  with 
spray  no  application  covers  the  whole 
surface  of  leaves  and  fruit  except  a  thor¬ 
ough  drenching.  The  cost  of  spraying 
one  time  or  another  varies  very  little,  as 
the  amount  used  and  the  labor  can  vary 
but  little,  whereas,  with  dust,  there  is 
often  a  variation  in  amount  of  more  than 
one  to  10,  depending  entirely  on  how 
much  the  grower  wants  to  spend  for  in¬ 
surance  at  that  time. 
D'usting  Schedule. — The  following 
chart  is  the  dusting  schedule  I  have  fol¬ 
lowed.  I  have  tried  to  make  it  flexible 
by  suggesting  more  than  one  mixture  so 
as  to  make  its  recommendations  applica¬ 
ble  to  your  own  conditions,  too.  All  the 
dusts,  except  one  special  nicotine  dust, 
will  control  scab  and  other  fungus  dis¬ 
eases,  as  they  contain  either  sulphur  or 
copper  as  the  fungicide.  Personally,  I 
prefer  the  copper  dust  for  fungus  work, 
because  it  goes  farther  and  hence  is  a  lit¬ 
tle  cheaper  to  use,  but  for  chewing  in¬ 
sects  I  prefer  the  sulphur  base  along 
with  lead  arsenate  and  powdered  tobacco. 
I  have  suggested  two  dusts  for  the  con¬ 
trol  of  red-bug — the  three  in  one  (com¬ 
posed  of  sulphur  50  lbs.,  tobacco  dust  40 
lbs.  and  lead  arsenate  10  lbs.)  is  the 
cheaper.  It  allows  the  grower  to  choose, 
and  I  have  found  the  three  in  one  so  ef¬ 
fective  on  curculio  that  I  prefer  it  for 
that  insect.  The  special  contact  dust  in 
which  nicotine  is  the  sole  active  ingre¬ 
dient,  I  believe  should  always  be  applied 
separately  from  any  application  for  chew¬ 
ing  insects  or  fungi,  as  it  is  seldom  that 
aphis  or  psylla  are  in  the  right  stage  to 
be  killed  when  the  other  applications  are 
due.  The  labor  cost  is  such  a  small  item 
in  dusting  that  an  extra  application 
means  very  little  as  compared  with  the 
great  gain  from  fighting  the  sucking  in¬ 
sects  at  exactly  the  right  time  with  a 
dust  best  suited  for  the  purpose. 
This  dust  chart  gives  the  number  of 
applications,  all  or  part  of  which  may  be 
put  on ;  the  principal  insects  or  diseases 
being  combated ;  the  best  mixtures  to 
apply,  and  the  quantity  for  a  25-year-old 
Baldwin  tree.  The  amount  used  varies 
because  some  dusts  are  lighter  and  go 
farther  than  others,  and  for  less  impor¬ 
tant  applications  it  is  not  necessary  to 
put  on  such  a  thick  coating  on  the  tree. 
A  fairly  accurate  working  table  follows, 
taken  from  actual  commercial  operations 
over  a  large  area,  and  furnishes  a  good 
guide  to  determine  future  operations. 
As  fuller  explanation  of  dusting  ma¬ 
terials  in  table,  No.  68  contains  dehy¬ 
drated  copper  sulphate  and  lead  arsenate, 
often  called  Bordeaux  dust ;  3  in  1  con¬ 
tains  sulphur  50  lbs.,  powdered  tobacco 
40  lbs.  and  lead  arsenate  10  lbs.,  and 
00-10  is  composed  of  90  per  cent  sulphur 
and  10  per  cent  lead  arsenate. 
Repeated  Application.— The  fact  that 
codling  moth,  curculio  and  apple  maggot 
have  an  extended  egg  laying  and  hatching 
period  at  a  time  when  fruit  and  foliage 
are  growing  rapidly  and  present  new 
surfaces  to  be  covered  is  the  reason  why 
two  applications  from  one  side  only  a 
week  or  10  days  apart  is  usually  better 
than  one  heavy  dose  of  dust  from  both 
sides.  The  same  thing  is  true,  as  a  rule, 
when  repeated  rains  bring  frequent  fun¬ 
gus  infections.  The  cost  and  efficiency  of 
dust  versus  spray  is,  of  course,  the  para¬ 
mount  question.  It  is  difficult  to  deter¬ 
mine  from  a  commercial  survey  of  dif¬ 
ferent  orchards,  because  of  the  many  fac¬ 
tors  of  time,  place  and  conditions  that  in¬ 
fluence  the  costs  and  results.  I  have 
studied  a  lot  of  good  figures  on  costs,  and 
most  of  them  show  that  the  materials  for 
dusting  cost  more  than  for  spraying,  but 
that  the  labor  is  so  much  less  that  dust¬ 
ing  on  the  whole  is  cheaper.  The  fig¬ 
ures  from  a  large  number  of  experiments 
show  that  one  method  is  practically  as 
good  for  control  of  insects  and  fungi  as 
the  other  when  equally  well  applied,  and 
that  it  takes  approximated  71/.  gallons 
of  spray  to  equal  1  lb.  of  dust,  "and  that 
dusting  requires  from  a  fifth  to  a  tenth  as 
much  labor. 
Costs  of  Application.— The  figures 
on  cost  of  materials  and  labor,  taken 
carefully  for  several  years  from  opera¬ 
tions  in  my  own  orchards  and  supported 
by  the  experience  of  several  of  my  neigh- 
bore,  are  so  different  from  most  of  the 
figures  offered  that  I  offer  them  in  the 
hope  that  other  growers  will  keep  careful 
records  and  we  can  get  at  the  compara¬ 
tive  costs  when  both  methods  are  com¬ 
pared  on  a  large  commercial  scale.  The 
equipment  used  in  spraying  and  its  value, 
and  that  used  in  dusting  is  presented  be¬ 
cause  the  cost  of  equipment,  depreciation 
and  cost  of  its  upkeep  is  an  important 
item.  The  fact  that  we  lose  almost  no 
time  with  the  duster  in  the  field,  and  that 
its  upkeep  and  depreciation  and  wear  is 
very  little,  etc.,  makes  a  big  difference. 
Spray :  Equipment  Used- 
One  triplex,  4  h.p .  $600.00 
One  tractor  .  1.500.00 
One  wagon  and  filler  tank...-  50  00 
One  engine  and  rotary  filler 
^  Pump  .  200.00 
One  team,  on  filler  tank .  450  00 
Total . $2,800.00 
Methods. — One  man  with  the  filler 
tank  kept  the  spray  rig  supplied,  one  man 
drove  the  tractor,  and  two  men  sprayed, 
one  with  a  double  gun  and  one  with  a 
single  £un'  The  averaSe  output  was  six 
~0( )-gallon  tanks  a  day,  the  maximum 
output  eight  tanks.  'Some  time  was  lost 
due  to  various  minor  troubles  and  re¬ 
pairs  and  to  the  mud,  but  I  think  1,200 
gallons  a  day  is  a  fair  average  for  one 
spray  rig.  Ao  account  has  been  taken 
for  the  time  of  the  tractor  or  the  team  or 
ot  the  gas  used.  No  charge  for  the  cart¬ 
ing  to  the  lot,  of  the  materials  and  the 
filler  pump,  of  the  setting  up  of  the  fill- 
lng  apparatus,  or  for  their  removal  after 
the  work  was  done.  No  charge  for  tink- 
enng  up  and  repairs,  both  before  and 
alter  using,  or  for  depreciation.  No  de- 
d eductions  from  time,  for  time  used  in 
making  repairs  while  at  the  job 
Dust :  Equipment  Used — 
One  power  duster,  engine  and 
wagon  . 
One  team  . 
$425.00 
450.00 
Total 
$875.00 
One  man  applied  the  dust  while  a  bov 
drove  the  team.  e.  w.  mitohell. 
New  York. 
(To  Be  Continued) 
Application  for 
(Dates  are  approximate) 
1.  April  18,  delayed  dormant  scale,  scab 
2.  April  24,  pink,  dust  one  side,  scab 
and  minor  insects . 
3.  May  17,  dust  from  two  sides,  1st  cod¬ 
ling  moth,  red-bug,  scab,  insects 
(minor)  . . 
4.  May  25,  dust  from  one  side,  2d  cod¬ 
ling  moth,  1st  curculio  and  scab.  .  . 
5.  June  2,  dust  from  one  side,  curculio 
and  scab . 
6.  June  16,  dust  from  one  side,  scab  and 
sooty  blotch  . 
7.  July  3,  dust  from  one  side,  1st  mag¬ 
got  and  scab . 
8.  July  12,  dust  from  one  side,  2d  mag¬ 
got  and  scab . . . 
Amount  for 
-yr.  Baldwin 
1 1  gals,  or 
Materials 
Spray  or  Dormant  Dust 
VA  lbs. 
No.  68  dust 
2  lbs. 
3  in  1 
1  lb. 
3  in  1 
%  lbs. 
3  in  1  or  No.  68  dust 
• 
%  lb. 
No.  68  dust 
V-2  lb. 
3  iu  1,  90-10  or  No,  68 
y2  ib. 
No.  68  dust 
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