Iht  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
August  11,  1923 
1054 
.  ^_Jn  one  year 
*2,410,000,000 
Worth  of  milk  produced 
W'lT 
by  23,000,000 
Daily  Cows 
Milking  by  hand  required 
time  of  2300,000  people 
2  hours  a  day  ( if  one  person 
‘milks  lO  cows  per  hour). 
■  y 
-at  the  low  rate  of 
lO  cents  an  hour. 
Otic  High  Cost  of  / 
^Hand-Milking  / 
There  are  from  23  to  25  million  dairy 
cows  in  the  United  States,  which  must  be 
milked  twice  a  day.  Assuming  that  one 
man  can  milk  ten  cows  an  hour,  which  is 
fast  hand  milking,  this  means  that  4,600,000 
hours  of  human  labor  are  required  to  milk 
these  cows  each  day.  At  the  extremely  low 
rate  of  10c  an  hour  it  costs  approximately 
$460,000  a  day  just  for  hand  milking— a 
staggering  sum. 
But  that  isn’t  all.  Good  hand  milkers 
are  scarce  and  getting  scarcer  every  day. 
Few  people  like  to  milk  cows.  Hand  milk¬ 
ing  is  slow,  costly  and  insanitary.  Human 
labor  is  too  valuable  for  such  work.  A 
De  Laval  Milker  is  faster,  cleaner,  better 
and  cheaper. 
Cost 
to  Farmers 
of  ike 
United  States 
inoneduy 
There  are  now  over  12,000  De  Laval 
Milkers  in  use  in  all  parts  of  the  country, 
giving  unqualified  satisfaction  and  proving 
every  day  that  they  can  milk  at  least  twice 
as  many  cows  with  the  same  amount  of 
help — thus  cutting  the  cost  of  milking 
squarely  in  two,  or  enabling  twice  as  many 
cows  to  be  milked  with  the  same  help. 
But  saving  time  and  labor  is  only  part 
of  the  value  of  a  De  Laval.  Because  of 
its  gentle  and  soothing,  yet  stimulating 
and  uniform  action,  cows  almost  invariably 
produce  more  milk  when  milked  the 
De  Laval  way  than  by  any  other .  method. 
Thousands  of  users  have  proved  this.  Some 
of  the  best  cows  in  the  land  have  made 
their  records  with  De  Laval  Milkers  and 
some  of  the  best  milk  is  produced  with  it. 
If  you  are  milking  ten  or  more  cows  you 
are  paying  for  a  De  Laval  Milker.  You 
might  as  well  be  getting  the  benefit  from  it 
— you  can  get  one  on  such  easy  terms  that 
it  will  pay  for  itself. 
See  your  De  Laval  Agent  or  write  us 
for  complete  information. 
The  De  Laval  Separator  Co. 
NEW  YORK 
165  Broadway 
CHICAGO 
29  E.  Madison  St. 
SAN  FRANCISCO 
61  Beale  St. 
.•'oltl  l/l^vC 
pnistsuROH 
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Farm  Mechanics 
Conducted  by  Robert  H.  Smith,  of  the  Canton  Agricultural  School 
Canton,  New  York 
Installing  Motor  for  Separator 
I  am  planning  to  install  an  electric 
motor  to  run  my  cream  separator  and 
churn,  to  operate  direct  from  the  motor 
with  a  clutch.  The  separator  has  a  nor¬ 
mal  speed  of  65  to  70  r.  p.  m.  with  the 
crank,  and  a  capacity  of  300  lbs.  per 
hour.  The  motor  has  a  speed  of  700  to 
800  r.  p.  m.,  with  a  2  or  3-in.  band  wheel. 
How  large  a  wheel  will  it  require  on  the 
separator  to  maintain  the  required  speed 
of  65  to  70  r.  p.  m.?  How  large  a  wheel 
will  it  require  for  a  barrel  churn  of  15 
gallons  capacity  to  operate  it  properly, 
and  will  it  require  the  use  of  clutch? 
Mayville,  N.  Y.  c.  n.  w. 
It  will  be  inconvenient  to  belt  your 
separator  as  described,  as  it  will  require 
a  belt  pulley  approximately  2%  ft-  in 
diameter  to  reduce  the  motor  speed  to 
the  point  required.  Figures  given  by  you 
are  only  approximate,  making  it  impos¬ 
sible  to  give  a  definite  size ;  however,  the 
diameter  of  a  driving  pulley  is  found  by 
multiplying  the  diameter  of  the  driver  by 
the  speed  at  which  it  runs  and  dividing 
this  product  by  the  r.  p.  m.  required  of 
the  driven  pulley. 
Applying  this  rule  in  the  case  of  the 
separator  and .  using  average  values,  we 
1.  If  both  -walls  and  floor  extend  suffi¬ 
ciently  far  above  the  ground  level  to  keep 
the  sills  of  the  building  dry,  I  see  no  ob¬ 
ject  in  continuing  the  walls  above  the 
floor,  though  this  might  possibly  add 
something  to  the  protection  against  rats. 
2.  Sprouted  oats  are  good  for  young 
chicks,  and  these,  or  other  tender  green 
stuff,  should  be  provided. 
3.  This  formula  has  very  much  the 
composition  of  other  chick  feeding  for¬ 
mulas,  and  I  see  no  reason  why  it  should 
not  be  a  good  one.  Most  poultrymen 
prefer  high-grade  beef  scrap  to  fish  scrap, 
however,  and  ground  oats  with  coarse 
hulls  removed  will  replace  fine  oatmeal 
at  less  expense.  Otherwise,  the  formula 
that  you  submit  does  not  differ  material¬ 
ly  from  other  standard  mixtures  much  in 
use.  M.  B.  D. 
Siphoning  a  Water  Supply 
Is  it  practicable  to  siphon  a  water  sup¬ 
ply  from  a  spring  located  about  1.500  ft. 
from  the  buildings,  with  a  total  fall  from 
the  spring  of  about  60  ft.,  but  with  a  rise 
of  about  30  ft.  to  get  over  a  hill  on  the 
direct  line  of  the  pipe?  Or  would  it  be 
Shaft  and  Pulley  Arrangement  for  Separator  and  Churn 
would  have:  3-iu.  (diameter  driver) 
times  700  (r.  p.  m.  driver)  equals  2,100; 
2,100  divided  'by  70  (r.  p.  m.  driven  pul¬ 
ley)  equals  30-iu.,  required  diameter  of 
driven  pulley. 
Most  separators  may  be  provided  with 
a  tight  aud  loose  pulley  which  attaches 
directly  to  the  worm  wheel  shaft,  a 
special  shaft  long  enough  to  accommo¬ 
date  it  being  provided  with  the  pulley. 
This  pulley  is  about  4  in.  in  diameter 
and  runs  at  appi’oximately  625  r.  p.  m. 
With  this  arrangement  you  could  belt  di¬ 
rect  to  the  motor  and  secure  about  the 
speed  you  need. 
As  you  wish  to  operate  a  barrel  churn 
as  -well  as  the  separator  wli.y  not  put  up 
a  short  line  shaft  as  shown  in  the  en¬ 
closed  sketch,  bolting  the  motor  to  the 
ceiling  or  to  a  wall  bracket  if  its  oiling 
system  does  not  permit  of  operation  bot¬ 
tom  upward.  Pulley  sizes  and  speeds 
will  be  about  as  shown  on  the  sketch. 
You  did  not  give  the  diameter  of  your 
churn,  but  I  am  assuming  a  diameter  of 
20  in.  and  am  showing  the  belt  used 
around  a  pulley  faced  up  directly  on  end 
of  the  churn.  A  clutch  is  a  convenience, 
but  not  absolutely  necessary.  The  belt 
can  be  thrown  on  and  off,  or  may  be 
used  slack  and  an  idler  or  roller  arranged 
to  press  against  the  belt,  tightening  it 
when  it  is  desired  to  use  the  churn. 
R.  h.  s. 
Henhouse  Construction;  Feeding 
Formulas 
1.  I  am  figuring  on  building  a  chicken 
coop  with  a  cement  floor,  and  cannot  de¬ 
cide  which  of  two  neighboring  coops  is  the 
better.  One  extends  the  walls  of  the 
foundation  6  in.  above  the  floor  level..  I 
cannot  see  how  this  adds  to  the  desira¬ 
bility  of  the  house.  What  is  your  opin¬ 
ion?  Is  the  additional  cost  worth  while? 
2.  Can  sprouted  oats  be  safely  fed  to 
one-week-old  chicks?  3.  This  is  a  chick 
mash  recommended  by  a  firm  which 
claims  to  raise  $100,000  worth  of  stock 
a  year.  Can  it  be  improved?  100  lbs. 
middlings,  100  lbs.  bran,  100  lbs.  fine 
oatmeal.  100  lbs.  eornmeal,  65  lbs.  fish 
scraps,  50  lbs.  beef  scraps,  2t>  lbs.  char¬ 
coal. 
Flemingtou,  N,  J, 
better  to  go  around  the  hill,  thus  making 
the  pipe  line  about  2,500  ft.,  but  giving  a 
continuous  downward  grade,  and  thus 
avoiding  any  siphoning  of  water?  I  am 
told  that  in  case  we  go  directly  over  the 
hill  the  flow  will  become  checked  and 
stopped  altogether  at  times  by  air  from 
the  water  gathering  at  the  highest  point 
in  the  pipe  line.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
mechanic  friend  tells  me  he  thinks  there 
is  a  type  of  air  valve  that  can  be  placed 
in  the  direct  flow  line  of  pipe  at  the  high¬ 
est  point  that  will  let  the  air  escape,  but 
will  not  interfere  with  the  flow  of  water. 
Gansevoort,  N.  Y.  c.  s.  p. 
As  you  know,  the  flow  of  water  in  a 
siphon  is  caused  by  atmospheric  pressure 
• — the  same  force  that  brings  the  water 
from  the  well  up  to  the  cylinder  of  the  so- 
called  “suction”  or  “lift”  pump.  This 
pressure  is  caused  by  the  weight  of  the 
air  above  us,  and  averages  about  14.7  lbs. 
per  square  inch  at  sea  level.  As  the 
pressure  is  limited  to  this  amount,  the 
height  to  which  it  can  raise  water  is  also 
limited,  33  ft.  plus  being  the  maximum 
height  to  which  a  column  of  water  can 
be  supported.  This  is  the  maximum  the¬ 
oretical  height.  In  practice  this  high  lift 
cannot  be  used,  as  a  certain  amount  of 
force  is  necessary  to  overcome  pipe  fric¬ 
tion  and  other  retarding  influences,  and 
to  cause  a  flow  of  water  in  the  pipe. 
The  case  that  you  outline  comes  so 
near  the  maximum  lift  that  I  would  ad¬ 
vise  the  longer  line  with  the  continuous 
downward  grade  instead  of  attempting 
to  use  the  siphon.  I  would  expect  it  to 
be  a  source  of  trouble  under  the  condi¬ 
tions  noted,  a  very  little  air  at  the  high 
point  serving  to  make  sufficient  pressure 
to  check  the  flow.  If  the  spring  has  suf¬ 
ficient  flow,  three  or  more  gallons  per 
minute,  a  ram  could  be  installed  which 
would  easily  force  the  water  over  this 
hill  and  save  the  extra  length  of  pipe.  I 
am  assuming  that  you  wish  the  water  for 
household  purposes  only.  If  water  is  re¬ 
quired  for  garden  irrigation  or  similar 
uses  the  small  ram  mentioned  might  not 
furnish  a  sufficient  supply,  r,  it.  s. 
