The  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
I  149 
THE  BEST  WORK  SHOE  MADE 
$.  D. 
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Shoe 
Made 
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England  by 
an  old,  reliable 
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Chocolate  brown  upper 
of  heavy  chrome  retanned 
leather;  pliable,  water  resist¬ 
ing,  and  will  not  crack  or  stretch. 
Two  full  insoles  of  oak  tan  sole 
leather  with  outsole  of  toughest  fibre 
Will  outwear  leather  and  is  easily  resoled  Rubber  heel. 
A  worker  In  a  paper  mill  wrote: 
“/  have  worn  a  pair  of  Rubberhide  Shoes  for  one 
year  every  day  I  am  wearing  them  yet.  They  are 
worth  more  than  any  $j.oo  shoe  l  ever  bought." 
SATISFACTION  GUARANTEED 
For  medium  width,  order  London  Last.  Order  Mun¬ 
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illustrated  If  you  want  to  save  cost  of  postage, _  send 
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Opportunity  Calls 
fromCANADA. 
^  Pay  a  visit  to  Canada  — See 
for  yourself  the  opportunities 
which  Canada  offers  to  both 
labor  and  capital— rich,  fertile, 
virgin  prairie  land,  near  rail¬ 
ways  and  towns,  at  $15  to  $20 
an  acre — long  terms  if  desired. 
Wheat  crops  last  year  the  big¬ 
gest  in  history;  dairying  and 
hogs  pay  well;  mixed  farming 
rapidly  increasing. 
Homeseekers*  Rates  on 
Canadian  Railroads 
If  you  wish  to  look  over  the 
country  with  a  view  to  taking 
up  land  get  an  order  from  the 
nearest  Canadian  Government 
Agent  for  special  rates  on 
Canadian  railroads.  Make  this 
your  summer  outing— Canada 
welcomes  tourists — no  pass¬ 
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trip  and  see  with  your  own 
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await  you. 
For  full  information,  with  free 
booklets  and  maps,  write 
to  Assistant  Deputy  Minister  of 
Canadian  Dept,  of  Immigration 
W.  D.  SCOTT 
Room  105,  Norlite  Building 
Ottawa,  Canada 
Farm  Co-operation 
Fundamentals  and  results 
within  reach  are  explained  in 
this  new  book,  “ORGANIZED 
CO-OPERATION,”  by  John  J. 
Dillon.  Price,  $1.00. 
FOK  SALE  BY 
RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
333  W.  30th  Street,  New  York 
Simple  Science 
By  Dr.  F.  D.  Crane 
Chemical  Reaction  in  Bordeaux  Mixture 
Will  you  give  the  chemical  reaction 
which  occurs  when  the  ingredients  of 
Bordeaux  mixture  are  brought  together 
in  the  correct  amounts?  At  the  same 
time  state  to  what  the  resulting  mix¬ 
tures  owes  its  fungicide  qualities  in  chem¬ 
ical  terms  for  accuracy’s  sake.  G.  B.  G. 
The  fungicidal  properties  of  this  spray 
are  no  doubt  due  to  the  finely  divided  cop¬ 
per  which  is  present,  probably,  as  a  hy¬ 
drate,  but  no  doubt  very  soon  as  .in 
oxide.  If  is  usually  made  as  wanted, 
but  there  is  a  dry  form,  to  be  added  to 
water  with  good  stirring,  and  this  ap¬ 
pears  to  work  fairly  well.  The  princi¬ 
ples  involved  are  the  hydration,  “slak¬ 
ing"  of  the  quicklime,  calcium  oxide,  by 
which  this  becomes  the  slightly  soluble 
calcium  hydrate,  and  the  interchange, 
with  the  cupric  sulphate  also  dissolved 
in  the  water,  of  the  sulphuric  acid  for 
the  hydroxyls,  resulting  in  two  almost 
insoluble  substances,  copper  hydrate  and 
calcium  sulphate.  Both  of  these  are  very 
finely  divided,  and  the  sulphate  of  lime, 
gypsum,  probably  holds  the  copper  hy¬ 
drate  more  or  less  mechanically  where 
if  is  wanted. 
Mending  Porous  Inner  Tubes 
Is  if  possible  to  so  treat  porous  inner 
tubes  of  tires  so  that  they  will  hold  air? 
Schuylerville,  N.  Y.  j.  c.  s. 
■No,  we  do  not  consider  it  practical, 
though  we  are  far  from  saying  that  any- 
tling  is  impossible.  There  are  various 
dopes  on  the  market ;  we  do  not  consider 
that  any  of  them  offer  sufficient  certainty 
of  success  to  make  it  advisable  to  take 
the  chance  of  the  accident  which  would 
follow  the  bad  blow-out  you  would  have  if 
the  stuff  worked  for  a  time  but  weakened 
the  tube.  Rubber  is  a  curious  body ;  it 
seems  to  be  a  halfway  house.  We  do 
not  know  what  it  is,  but  we  know  a 
rather  simple  body,  called  isoprene, 
which  will  slowly  change  to  rubber,  and 
we  know  that  rubber  slowly  changes  to 
a  resinous  body.  There  seems  to  be  no 
such  thing  as  a  permanent  rubber. 
Knife  in  Vinegar  Barrel 
We  had  the  misfortune  to  have  a  silver- 
plated  knife  dropped  into  a  cider  barrel, 
full  of  cider,  made  last  Fall,  which  is 
getting  quite  like  vinegar.  There  is  no 
way  to  get  it  out.  Will  it  hurt  the  vine¬ 
gar  in  any  way?  L.  s. 
We  do  not  know  what  is  the  metal 
which  has  been  used  to  make  the  knife, 
upon  which  the  silver  coat  has  been 
placed,  but  the  chances  are  that  it  will 
he  more  or  less  affected  by  the  vinegar, 
and  the  action  will  be  hastened  by  the 
silver  plating.  The  result  will  be  that 
the  vinegar  is  at  best,  “off  flavor”  and 
at  worst,  quite  spoiled.  But  there  has 
likely  been  little  action  so  far.  You 
may  better  empty  out  the  vinegar  tem¬ 
porarily,  using  any  clean  containers  you 
happen  to  have,  even  milk  cans  could  he 
used  for  a  few  moments,  and  retrieve  the 
knife.  Then  put  the  youthful  vinegar 
back  as  quickly  as  you  can  and  hope 
for  the  best. 
Sawdust  Floor  Covering 
What  is  used  with  sawdust  to  make  a 
floor  covering?  I  have  seen  a  floor 
years  ago  that  I  was  told  was  sawdust. 
Xo  doubt  thousands  of  farmers  have 
these  old  rough  hardwood  floors,  as  I 
have.  w.  i. 
Madison,  Conn. 
Sawdust  has  been  used  as  a  filler  many 
times,  and  all  sorts  of  binders  have  been 
proposed  for  use  with  it.  many  having 
been  patented,  but.  so  far  as  we  know, 
none  of  the  mixtures  which  amount  to 
much  are  within  the  ability  of  the 
ordinary  man  with  home  tools. 
Tf  you  want  to  experiment  along  this 
line,  we  suggest  the  use  of  magnesium 
oxide  well  mixed  with  the  sawdust  and 
the  mixture  wet  with  magnesium  chloride 
in  water.  The  proportions  of  one  such 
mass  are:  100  parts  of  magnesium,  very 
soft,  freshly  heated  to  redness,  300  parts 
or  less  of  sawdust,  mixed  and  made  into 
a  paste  with  713  parts  of  a  32%  water 
solution  of  magnesium  chloride.  The 
paste  must  be  mixed  for  several  hours, 
it  is  then  spread  into  place,  well  packed 
and  allowed  to  harden,  which  takes  sev¬ 
eral  days.  The  difficult  part  is  to  get 
uniform  lots  of  a  satisfactory  magnesia. 
We  cannot  hold  out  much  hope  of  suc¬ 
cess,  but  the  materials  are  cheap,  and 
you  may  enjoy  experimenting. 
BOSTON  &  ALBANY-  MICHIGAN  CENTRAL -BIG  FOUR  -  PITTSBURGH  &  LAKE  EBB 
AND  THE  NEW  YORK  CENTRAL  AND  SUBSIDIARY  LINES 
Qeneral  Offices — 466  Lexington  Ave.,  New  York 
NEW  YORK  CENTRAL  LINES 
Chittenden  Co.,  Vt.,  Farms  dK^orE 
VILLAGE  RESIDENCES  at  half  the  cost  of  building  new. 
Several  in  Essex  Junction.  Vt.,  the  traveling  man's 
home.  Twenty-seven  located  here  now.  Best  mail 
and  train  service  in  Northern  Vermont.  The  BEST 
DAIRY  FARMS  in  the  State  are  located  in  this  County, 
near  the  large  Burlington  market  and  several  Co¬ 
operative  creameries  and  shipping  stations  for  milk 
to  Boston  and  New  York.  Write  for  description  and 
prices.  R.  O.  Mudgett,  Agent,  Esses  Junction.  Vermont 
WE  \  DIRECT  FROM  FACTORY 
$E|j\  ALL  FREIGHT  PAID 
|ENC- 
'N(|  |  PITTSBURGH  ROOF  &  FENCE  CO. 
Box  1231  — PITTSBURGH,  PA. 
WORLD  S  BEST  IRON  ANO  STEEL  MARKET 
CORRUGATED  -  PLAIN -V  CRIMP 
SHINGLES  -  SPOUTING  -  GUTTER 
For  best  results  use 
NON -METALLIC 
ALL-WOOD 
FRUIT 
PRESSES 
Are  built  in  5  sizes 
of  choice,  water¬ 
proofed  oak,  from 
$8.00  to  $60.00,  by 
Herman  Soellner 
301  East  56th  Street 
New  York  City 
Illustrated  Price  List 
FOR  SALEINTIDEWATER  VIRGINIA 
Fifty-acre  farm  one  mile  from  Claremont;  exceptionally 
good  school;  fourteen  acres  cultivated.  Four-room  cot¬ 
tage  and  barn.  Price,  $3,860.  Easy  terms  ;  as  little  as 
$350  cash  accepted  ;  balance  payable  S100  yearly  with  i>% 
interest.  IV  J>  E  V  E  It  E  L  R,  Claremont,  Virginia 
This  country  has  enjoyed  railroad  transporta¬ 
tion  on  practically  a  cheaper  basis  than  any 
other  civilized  country. — Report  o /’  the  Con¬ 
gressional  Joint  Commission  on  Agriculture. 
Shippers  of  farm  products  on  the  New  York  Central  Lines 
know  from  experience  that  the  quality  of  railroad  service  is 
of  greater  importance  than  the  price. 
Inadequate,  inefficient  freight  service  is  dear  at  any  price. 
Rates  that  leave  no  margin  of  earnings  on  railroad  invest¬ 
ment  dry  up  the  sources  of  new  capital,  without  which  the 
carriers  cannot  provide  the  new  equipment  and  facilities  their 
shippers  must  have. 
This  necessary  margin  of  receipts  above  expenditures,  so 
vital  to  the  life  of  the  railroads,  is  a  small  fraction  of  rail¬ 
road  rates.  In  1922  the  railroads  earned  the  largest  net  in¬ 
come  in  five  years,  a  return  of  4.14%  on  their  property 
investment.  But  a  reduction  of  16%  in  the  rates  charged 
in  1922  would  have  taken  all  this  net. 
The  Congressional  Joint  Commission  of  Agricultural  Inquiry 
estimated  that  the  average  proportion  of  freight  rates  to  the 
value  of  goods  carried  was  6%.  If  this  were  reduced  to  5%, 
a  reduction  so  small  that  the  consuming  public  would  detect 
no  difference  in  living  costs,  most  of  our  railroads  would  starve. 
Living  rates  for  the  railroads  —  insuring  healthy  growth  of 
railroad  facilities — are  vital  to  agricultural  prosperity. 
and 
rates 
good  service 
Highest  Quality — 
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Roofing  Products 
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