1250 
The  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
October  0,  1 0”3 
The  Dairy  Breeds  of  Cattle 
On  page  1249  you  will  find  pictures  of 
good  cows  of  eight  dairy  breeds.  These 
pictures  were  selected  by  the  secretaries 
of  the  various  breed  associations  as  typ¬ 
ical  specimens.  It  has  been  said  that  all 
good  dairy  cows  are  much  alike  in  gen¬ 
eral  shape  and  type,  regardless  of  breed, 
differing  somewhat,  of  course,  as  they 
are  designed  to  produce  great  quantities 
of  milk  or  smaller  quantities  of  superior 
richness  in  fat.  These  contrasting  pic¬ 
tures  show  how  far  this  claim  is  substan¬ 
tiated.  It  is  true  that  each  of  our  popu¬ 
lar  breeds  represents  a  long-continued  ef¬ 
fort  to  produce  a  cow  well  suited  to  some 
definite  purpose,  some  particular  loca¬ 
tion  and  some  special  system  of  feeding. 
The  Jersey  cow  is  Fauvic’s  Star  313018. 
She  has  an  official  record  of  20,1)16  lbs. 
of  milk  and  1,006  lbs.  of  butterfat,  and 
she  thoroughly  represents  the  Jersey 
breed.  She  weighs  about  1.100  lbs.,  yet 
is  well  shaped  and  of  true  Jersey  form. 
As  will  be  noticed,  she  has  an  enormous 
girth  of  heart  and  barrel. 
Compare  her  with  the  typical  Guern¬ 
sey  cow  and  we  get  a  fair  contrast  be¬ 
tween  the  two  breeds — both  noted  for 
rich  milk  and  the  ability  to  take  large 
quantities  of  butterfat  from  their  food. 
The  Guernsey  is  of  heavier  build — a  more 
rugged  cow,  yet  built  on  much  the  same 
dairy  lines. 
The  Brown  Swiss  cow,  Hawthorn 
Dairymaid  6753,  is  a  true  specimen  of 
her  breed,  showing  the  well-built,  stocky 
form,  with  solid  body,  deep  chest  and 
good  head.  The  Brown  Swiss  are  easy 
keepers,  healthy,  persistent  milkers  and 
of  good  size — the  veal  calves  showing 
high  quality. 
The  Dutch  Belted  cow,  Gem  of  Colum¬ 
bia,  has  a  record  of  14,140  lbs.  of  milk 
and  559.18  lbs.  of  butterfat.  Compare 
her  shape  and  size  with  the  picture  of  the 
Holstein  cow.  The  white  belt  is  the 
chief  color  characteristic  of  the  Belted 
cattle,  giving  them  a  striking  appearance. 
A  herd  of  Belted  cattle  at  pasture  is  a 
beautiful  sight. 
The  Milking  Shorthorn  cow,  Red  Rose, 
is  a  good  representative  of  her  breed. 
You  will  see  that  she  is  built  on  dairy 
lines,  although  larger  and  with  greater 
bulk  than  the  so-called  dairy  breeds.  The 
best  of  the  Milking  Shorthorns  are  good 
dairy  animals,  and  in  addition  make  fair 
beef  when  dried  off  and  fattened.  The 
calves  and  steers  are  good  for  meat  pro¬ 
duction.  The  Milking  Shorthorn  of  good 
breeding  comes  closer  to  the  so-called 
general  purpose  type  of  dairy  cow  than 
any  other  breed,  and  there  are  locations 
and  conditions  where  these  cattle  pay 
well. 
The  Ayrshire  cow  was  selected  as  a 
fine  breed  specimen.  Compare  her  lines 
with  those  of  the  Holstein.  The  modern 
Ayrshire  is  active,  and  one  of  the  best 
pasture  cattle  in  the  world.  She  can 
“hustle”  and  take  good  care  of  herself. 
She  is  a  good  milker,  giving  milk  of  high 
quality,  and  as  we  see,  built  on  smoother 
beef  lines  than  the  Holstein.  She  is  a 
worthy  rival  of  the  black  and  white  cow. 
In  every  section  where  Holsteins  abound 
you  will  find  the  brown  and  white  well 
represented. 
The  Devon  cow,  Buttercup,  is  a  good 
specimen  of  this  breed,  which,  like  the 
Milking  Shorthorn,  ranks  well  as  a  gen¬ 
eral  purpose  animal.  Many  of  these  red 
cows  are  good  milkers.  You  will  find 
Devons  in  many  New  England  herds, 
holding  their  own  with  any  of  their 
mates.  The  bright  red  color  is  very 
striking.  The  steers  make  the  best  work¬ 
ing  oxen  in  the  world,  and  are  very  fine 
for  beef.  A  farmer  who  studies  his  busi¬ 
ness  will  be  likely  to  end  by  selecting  the 
breed  of  cattle  which  is  most  like  himself 
in  temperament.  He  surely  will  have  a 
wide  choice. 
The  Holstein  cow,  Segis  Pietertje  Pros¬ 
pect,  is  not  only  a  good  specimen  of  the 
breed,  but  is  called  the  world’s  cham¬ 
pion  milk  producer.  You  will  notice  that 
Dr.  Alexander,  in  his  article  on  the  cow’s 
udder,  page  1270,  uses  this  cow’s  per¬ 
formance  as  illustrating  the  wonders  of 
milk  production.  This  cow  has  complet¬ 
ed  a  second  yearly  semi-official  test  peri¬ 
od  with  a  record  of  35,550.4  lbs.  milk, 
containing  1.133.2  lbs.  butterfat,  equiv¬ 
alent  to  1.416.5  lbs.  butter.  With  her 
previous  world’s  record  of  37,381.4  lbs. 
milk  and  1,158.95  lbs.  butterfat,  she  now 
holds  the  two  highest  records  for  milk 
production,  and  is  the  only  cow  with  two 
records  each  over  35,000  lbs.  milk  and 
1,000  lbs.  butterfat  in  one  year.  “Pros¬ 
pect”  is  now  10  years  of  age,  weighs 
around  1,650  lbs.  and  is  owned  by  the 
Carnation  Stock  Farms,  Seattle,  Wash. 
She  combines  good  Holstein  type  with 
milk  production  and  has  proved  her  abil¬ 
ity  to  transmit  both  these  qualities  to  her 
offspring.  Farm-grown  feeds  made  up 
the  bulk  of  her  ration  during  her  recent 
test.  The  grain  mixture  consisted  of  six 
parts  ground  oats,  four  parts  bran,  two 
parts  c-ornmeal,  five  parts  hominy  feed, 
one  part  cottonseed  meal,  one  part  Soy 
bean  meal,  four  parts  oilmeal  and  one 
part  ground  flaxseed.  With  each  100  lbs. 
of  this  mixture  1  lb.  of  charcoal  was 
supplied.  One  pound  of  this  grain  mix¬ 
ture  was  fed  for  each  4%  lbs.  milk  pro¬ 
duced.  In  addition,  she  received  daily 
an  average  of  40  lbs.  beets  throughout 
the  year,  6  lbs.  beet  pulp,  l1/^  lbs.  mo¬ 
lasses  and  30  lbs.  Alfalfa  hay.  Salt  was 
always  accessible. 
The  Grade  Crossing  Watcher 
The  picture  illustrates  a  railroad  grade 
crossing  guard  in  possession  of  a  danger 
sign  with  a  long  reach  with  which  to 
ward  off  city  folks  and  others  from  speed¬ 
ing,  to  sure  death  in  front  of  a  fast- 
flyng  locomotive.  Some  of  the  grade  cross- 
The  Guard  at  the  Crossing 
ing  watchers  say  that  they  stand  in  need 
of  some  kind  of  a  formidable  weapon  to 
stop  some  drivers  from  dashing  into 
danger.  Not  a  few  of  them  are  sure  they 
have  plenty  of  time  to  get  across  al¬ 
though  one  may  feel  the  whiz  of  the  on¬ 
coming  engine. 
The  first  regular  stop  signal  was  made 
with  a  short  handle  to  be  waved  to  ap¬ 
proaching  vehicles,  but  some  of  the  men 
employed  at  crossings  had  only  one  arm, 
this  part  of  railroad  service  being  in 
measure  recruited  from  cripples.  The  one 
armed  guards  found  it  difficult  to  hold 
the  heavy  metal  sign  upright  on  a  windy 
day.  The  long  handled  sign  was  in¬ 
vented  and  the  one  armed  fellows  found 
it  comparatively  easy  to  stand  the  sign- 
handle  on  the  ground  and  firmly  grip  it 
with  the  one  good  hand. 
But  the  guards  who  were  equipped 
with  the  new  device  found  another  potent 
use  for  it.  When  a  reckless  driver  was 
wont  to  wave  the  guard  aside,  the  plucky 
watcher  was  able  to  present  the  metal 
contrivance  in  the  same  position  that  a 
picket  holds  his  glistening  bayonet  firmly 
commanding  the  man  at  the  wheel  to 
halt.  Many  two-armed  men  who  first 
used  the  short  handled  sign  are  asking 
for  and  getting  the  kind  with  the  pitch- 
fork  handle.  J.  L.  graff. 
FARM  AND  GARDEN.— -Honey  pro¬ 
ducers  of  New  York  State  are  preparing 
to  stage  an  exhibit  of  honey  at  the  great 
apple  show  to  be  held  in  New  York  City, 
opening  Nov.  3.  That  is  a  good  plan ; 
the  honey-bee  is  one  of  the  best  friends 
that  the  fruit  grower  can  have.  The  bee 
works  to  distribute  the  pollen  and  fer¬ 
tilize  the  bloom.  He  does  his  work  well, 
and  the  honey  he  makes  from  the  flowers 
is  one  of  the  two  agricultural  products 
which  take  nothing  in  the  way  of  plant 
food  away  or  out  of  the  soil.  The  other 
one  is  ice.  The  honey-bee  ought  to  be  en¬ 
couraged,  and  there  should  be  a  good  ex¬ 
hibit  of  honey  al«ng  with  the  apples  at 
the  big  fruit  show. 
_  The  United  States  Department  of  Ag¬ 
riculture  announces  a  public  hearing  to 
be  held  at  the  offices  of  the  Federal  Hor¬ 
ticultural  Board  in  New’  York  on  Oct.  2 
to  consider  the  advisability  of  quarantin¬ 
ing  the  States  of  Oregon,  California,  Col¬ 
orado,  Washington  and  Idaho  to  prevent 
the  spread  of  eelworms  to  other  States. 
Although  this  hearing  is  called  to  consid¬ 
er  various  infestations  of  Alfalfa  and 
clover  fields  by  the  stem  eelworm  (Tylen- 
chus  dipsaci),  the  discussion  will  be  ex¬ 
tended  to  any  related  species  of  nemato¬ 
des  or  other  pests  which  may  appear  to 
need  consideration  during  the  progress 
of  the  hearing.  The  Department  of  Agri¬ 
culture  has  recently  learned  that  the  stem 
eelworm  disease -is  almost  universally  dis¬ 
tributed  on  Alfalfa  in  South  Africa 
where  the  life  of  the  Alfalfa  crop  seldom 
exceeds  four  or  five  years.  Satisfactory 
methods  of  eradication  or  control  have 
not  yet  been  devised,  but,  in  view  of  the 
likelihood  of  rapid  spread  of  the  eel¬ 
worm  through  infected  hay,  bulbs  and 
other  plants  or  plant  products,  irrigation 
water  or  otherwise,  the  importance  of 
adopting  some  practical  means  of  re¬ 
stricting  the  eelworm  to  the  areas  at 
present  infested  is  apparent,  the  depart¬ 
ment  officials  declare.  They  add  that  it 
is  not  yet  clear  whether  either  local  or 
Federal  quarantines  will  be  of  particular 
advantage  in  delaying  the  spread  of  this 
and  such  other  related  pests,  and  this 
hearing  is  called  with  a  view  to  discuss¬ 
ing  the  matter  thoroughly. _ 
The  Department  of  Agriculture  of  Co¬ 
lumbia  University,  New  York  City,  is 
offering  this  Fall  a  special  Saturday  aft¬ 
ernoon  course  in  live  stock  production  on 
Eastern  farms.  George  M.  Rommel,  for 
many  years  chief  of  Animal  Husbandry 
Division  of  the  IT.  S.  Department  of  Ag¬ 
riculture,  will  conduct  it.  Among  other 
new  points  he  will  give  thorough  consid¬ 
eration  to  the  prospects  of  raising  beef 
cattle.  Of  interest  to  prospective  farm¬ 
ers  and  others  are  courses  in  field  crops, 
soils  and  fertilizers,  farm  management, 
and  fruit  raising.  Prof.  H.  Findlay.  is 
offering  a  popular  course  in  landscaping 
house  grounds.  Address  inquiries  to  the 
secretary  of  Columbia  University,  New 
York  City. 
CONTENTS 
THE  RURAL  NEW-YORKER,  OCT.  6.  1923 
FARM  TOPICS 
Successful  Farm  on  a  Hilltop  .  1248 
Hope  Farm  Notes  .  1258,  1259 
LIVE  STOCK  AND  DAIRY 
Marketing- — the  Business  End  of  Dairying  1247 
Has  Eastern  Dairying  a  Future  .  1248 
Typical  Specimens  of  the  Principal  Milk 
and  Butter  Breeds  .  1249 
The  Dairy  Breeds  of  Cattle  .  1250 
Comparison  of  Milk  Prices  .  1261 
Outlook  on  New  York  Dairy  Farms  .  1261 
Future  of  New  York  Dairying  .  1261 
Fitting  Sheep  for  the  Show  . 1266,  1268 
Dairying  Today  and  Tomorrow  .  1268 
Result  of  the  Cow  Guessing  Contest  ....  1268 
Arranging  Cow  Stable  .  1268 
Dairying  in  “The  Southern  Tier’’  ...1269,  1271 
The  Cow’s  Udder  and  Milk  .  1270 
Moldy  Bread  for  Pigs  .  1270 
Dairying  in  the  Dominican  Republic  .......  1271 
Making  Koumyss  . 1271 
Tumor  in  Udder  .  1271 
Minerals  for  Swine  . . .  1272 
Starting  Pork  Production  . 1272 
Sorghum  in  New  York  State  .  1272 
Ration  for  Family  Cow . .  1272 
Home-grown  Feeds  the  Big  Problem  in 
Dairying  . . . .  1276 
THE  HENYARD 
The  Future  of  the  Poultry  Business  .  1274 
Marketing  the  Surplus  Cockerels  .  1274 
Carrying  Water  to  Henhouses  .  1274 
Blackhead  or  Coccidiosis  in  Turkeys  ....  1274 
Hens  Going  Light  .  1276 
HORTICULTURE 
Sugar  Maple  as  Shade  Tree  .  1259 
“Snow-on-the-Mountain"  and  Poisonous 
Honey  .  1259 
Across  the  Country  With  an  Apple  Car, 
Part  II  .  1256 
Where  Did  They  Come  From!  . . .  1256 
Plant  Immigrants  . 1256 
WOMAN  AND  HOME 
From  Day  to  Day  .  1262 
All  the  Year  Mincemeat  . .  1262 
Embroidery  Design  .  1262 
Notes  From)  a  Busy  Oklahoma  Home  1262,  1263 
Husk  Mats  .  1263 
Liverwurst  . 1263,  1Z64 
A  Woodland  Garden  .  1264 
The  Rural  Patterns  .  1264 
Letters  of  an  Indiana  Farmer  .  1264 
MISCELLANEOUS 
Grade  Crossing  Watcher  .  1250 
Removing  Scale  From  Plumbing  . . .  1251 
“Knocking”  in  Kitchen  Boiler  .  1251 
Hot-water  Tank  .  1251 
Markets  .  1252 
Adoption  by  Alien  .  1255 
Wife’s  Liability  for  Judgment  .  1255 
Water  Pipes  Through  Farm  .  1255 
Poor  Railroad  Fence  .  1255 
Publicity  for  the  School  Bill  .  1256 
Non-taxpayers  as  Voters  .  1257 
Renters’  Right  to  Vote;  School  Over  Ga¬ 
rage  .  12c 
Taxpayers  Must  Pay  Tuition  . .  1257 
Editorials  .  1260 
Boys’  and  Girls’  Demonstration  Work  ....  1261 
Publisher’s  Desk  . . .  1278 
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