230 SOME SUBSTITUTES FOR THE INFINITIVE IN ANGLO-SAXON. 
der Inf. bei den Verbis der Wahrnehmung aus Particip entstanden zu sein 
scheme, ist aus historischen Griinden falsch.” That the predicative use of the 
accusative of the present participle was not native to the High Germanic lan¬ 
guages in general, but was with them, as with Anglo-Saxon, an importation from 
the Latin, was demonstrated by Professor J. B. Crenshaw, in his doctor’s dis¬ 
sertation, The Present Participle in Old High German and Middle High German, 
Baltimore, 1901, 1 pp. 14-20: “Present Participle after Verbs of Perception.” 
His general statement is given on p. 14: “ In Old High German and in Middle 
High German the Infinitive was the regular construction after Verbs of this 
class; the Participle was the exception, and the instances, cited from the works 
examined, will show that the usage was borrowed from the Latin. In Middle 
High German the Infinitive alone 1 2 is used, and the Participle has been dropped 
entirely.” The general results of Professor Crenshaw’s investigation have 
been confirmed, so far as Old High German is concerned, by the investigation 
of Dr. Karl Rick, in his dissertation, Das Pradikative Participium Praesentis 
im Althochdeutschen , Bonn, 1905, pp. 34-37; and by the less specialized investi¬ 
gations by Dr. Gocking and by Dr. K. Meyer cited in my bibliography. How 
closely the Old High German parallels the Anglo-Saxon may be gathered from 
these few examples taken from Rick: — Tatian 19.3: gisah 3 zuene bruoder 
rihtenti iro nezi = vidit fratres reficientes retia; ib. 16.2: tho gihortun inan thie 
iungiron sprechantan = audierunt eum discipuli loquentem; ib. 181.3: fant sie 
slafente - invenit eos dormientes. 
Finally, in Old Saxon the predicative participle is very rare, Pratje, l. c., 
p. 77, giving only four examples for the whole of the Heliand: —4024: that 
sia im uualdand Crist tuo . . . farandian uuissun; 4356: that hie in . . . 
slapandia . . . ne bifahe; 4797: fand sia slapandia; 5731: thar hie uuissa 
that godes barn, hreo hangondi herren sines. 
What Professor Wilmanns, professedly following Dr. Rick, says ( l . c., p. 109) 
of Old High German, is true in my judgment of the Germanic languages as a 
whole: “ Pradikativ gebrauchte Part. Pras. waren in der alteren Sprache 
offenbar wenig beliebt, wenn auch die Ubersetzer sie nach dem Muster ihrer 
Vorlagen oft genug zulassen.” 
1 Though 1893 appears on the title-page, the monograph was not printed until 1901. 
2 According to Professor Crenshaw himself, alone is too strong, for he cites on p. 15 sixteen examples of the 
predicate participle in Middle High German after the verb sehen. 
3 Wilmanns, l. c., p. 110, tells us that after sehan Tatian uses the infinitive only 6 times, the participle 40 
times, in strict accord with the Latin original; and that Otfrid uses the participle only once. 
