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other changes during the growth of the animal, and they can be seen 
in the females as well as the males, which is not the case with the 
horns, as they can only be observed in the male sex. 
The Deer may be thus divided: 
a. The Deer of the Snowy Regions have a very broad muzzle, 
entirely covered with hair ; the horns are expanded and pal- 
mated, and the fawns are not spotted. 
a. The Alcine Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horns, and a 
small, bald muffle between the nostrils, as the genus Alces. 
b. The Tangerine Deer have a large basal anterior snag to the horns, 
close on the crown or burr, and no muffle, as Tarandus. 
b. The Deer of the Temperate or Warm Regions have a 
tapering muzzle, ending in a bald muffle; the fawn, and some¬ 
times the adult, are spotted. 
c. The Elaphine Deer have a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns, 
the muffle broad, and separated from the lip by a hairy band, 
and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind-leg above the 
middle of the metatarsus, as Cervus and Dama. 
d. The Rusine Deer have a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns, 
the muffle very high, and not separated from the edge of the lip, 
and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind-leg above the 
middle of the metatarsus, as Recervus, Panolia, Rusa, Axis , Ily- 
elaphus, and Cervulus. 
e. The Capreoline Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horn, the 
first branch being some distance above the burr; the suborbital 
crumen (and pit in the skull) generally small, as Capreolus , Ca- 
riacus , Blastocerus, Furcifer, and Coassus. 
The Alcine and Rangerine Deer are confined to the Northern part 
of both continents ; the Elaphine and Rasine Deer to the Eastern 
World, the latter almost exclusively to the warmer part of Asia; the 
Capreoline Deer are peculiar to America. The only exception to 
these rules are, the Wapiti Deer of the Elaphine group is found in 
Northern America, and the Roebuck and Ahu of the Capreoline group 
are found in Europe and North Asia. 
a. The Deer of the Snowy Regions have a very broad end 
to the nose, which is entirely covered with hair, a short tail and pal- 
mated horns ; the fawns are not spotted, but uniformly coloured like 
the adult; the skull with a large nose-cavity, and with the intermax- 
illaries not reaching to the nasal. 
a. The Alcine Deer or Elks have no basal snag, the first branch 
of the horn being considerably above the crown. 
