bar association. Federal government is repre¬ 
sented by customs, internal revenue, lighthouse, 
district court, postoffice, public health, immigra¬ 
tion, and army and navy departments. A great 
federal building, at the civic center, is one of 
Honolulu’s most striking new structures. Hilo ac¬ 
quired a handsome federal headquarters some years 
ago 
ages, 
era civilization, 
to their councils. 
The City and County of Honolulu, including 
all Oahu Island, is governed by a mayor and 
seven supervisors. County government obtains 
on each of the other larger islands. 
HAWAIIANS IN OFFICE 
Hawaiians and men of part-TIawaiian blood 
are well identified with the territorial and county 
governments. About half of the legislators and 
numerous important officials throughout the Terri¬ 
tory are descendants of the original island people. 
They come of a noble, stalwart race. Early voy¬ 
agers found the Hawaiians a kindly, hospitable, 
courageous, light-hearted people. They were 
never cannibals. They were never even sav¬ 
in some things they anticipated mod- 
Their women were admitted 
In spite of certain tabus, where¬ 
by it would appear that the male reserved to him¬ 
self peculiar powers, woman was recognized for 
her true worth in affairs of state. 
Earliest visitors were given most friendly wel¬ 
come. Captain Cook was received as a god. 
Unfortunately the great English navigator could 
not perform miracles—he could not enforce godli¬ 
ness among his sailormen. Hospitality was abused. 
Hence the tragedy of his death at Kealakekua, 
when he took part with his men in an encounter 
with the natives following a theft or two of gear 
from vessels of the expedition of discovery. 
COMING OF THE MISSIONARIES 
Though dying in the faith of his ancestors, 
May 8, 1819, King Kamehamelia had prepared 
the way for Christianity, in addition to consolidat¬ 
ing the islands under one government and putting 
an end to feudalism and little wars. Kaahnmanu, 
his favorite queen, acting as premier after his 
death, effected the official renunciation of idolatry. 
Idol-worship collapsed and tabus were overthrown. 
And it so happened that in that year, on October 
23, the first company of American missionaries to 
the Hawaiian Islands embarked at Boston in the 
brig Thaddeus. They were Rev. Asa Thurston 
and Rev. Hiram Bingham, and their wives ; Daniel 
Chamberlain, a farmer, and his wife, and their 
five children; Thomas Holman, a physician, and 
his wife; Elisha Loomis, a printer and teacher, 
and his wife; Samuel Ruggles and Samuel Whit¬ 
ney, teachers, and their wives; besides three 
Hawaiian youths from the Foreign Mission School 
at Cornwall, Connecticut (established in 1817), 
who acted as assistants. 
The Thaddeus, Captain Blanchard, approached 
the coast of Kohala, Island of Hawaii, on March 
31, 1920, and a landin g was made at Kailua on 
April 4. On April 19 the Thaddeus reached 
Honolulu, Oahu. That was the first of numerous 
similar expeditions. In April, 1920, the cen¬ 
tennial of this great event in the history and de¬ 
velopment of Hawaii was beautifully and fittingly 
celebrated. The legislature took official cognizance 
of the significant occasion and delegated authority 
to the governor to appoint a commission to assist 
the Hawaiian Board of Missions to observe the 
centenary in an appropriate manner. 
The early missionaries were drawn from the 
Oongregationalists, who are well represented 
throughout the Islands. As a race the Hawaiians 
are as naturally religious as they are musical, or 
eloquent in oratory. The principal Christian de¬ 
nominations of the world are represented in this 
island community of little more than one-fourtli 
of a million persons, half of which are Orientals. 
Christian churches, Catholic and Protestant, num¬ 
ber over two hundred, and temples to Buddha and 
Confucius are numerous. 
COSMOPOLITAN SCHOOLS 
Though largely Oriental in point of population, 
Hawaii is in all essentials an American community. 
American ideals are paramount. American in¬ 
fluence is absolute. The chief Americanizing 
agency is manifested in the public school system. 
A recent federal school survey found that educa¬ 
tional opportunities are more equitably distributed 
throughout the Territory than in any mainland 
state. 
Pupils enrolled in the public and private schools 
number about 50,000, of which over eighty per 
cent are public school attendants. Of 240 schools, 
one-fourth are private institutions; and of about 
1,600 teachers, one-fourth teach in private schools. 
Over eighty-five per cent of the teachers are 
women. 
By nationalities, the public school pupils are 
divided as follows: Japanese, 46 per cent; Portu¬ 
guese, 14 per cent; part-TIawaiian, 11 per cent; 
Chinese, 10 per cent; Hawaiians, 9 per cent; 
Anglo-Saxon, less than 3 per cent; Porto Rican, 
not quite 3 per cent; Filipino, something over 2 
per cent; Korean, approximately 1 per cent; 
Spanish and others, between 1 and 2 per cent. 
LATEST CENSUS OF HAWAII 
The population of Hawaii in 1920 was 255,912. 
In 1910 the population was 191,909. In ten 
years there was an increase of 64,003, slightly over 
33 per cent. The first census of the Hawaiian 
Islands was taken in 1832 and was followed by 
censuses in 1836, 1850, 1853, and 1860. A census 
taken at regular periods was not provided for until 
1865, when the legislative assembly made it “the 
duty of the board of education, every sixth year, 
counting from the year 1860, to make a complete 
census of the inhabitants of the kingdom, to be 
laid before the king and legislature for their con¬ 
sideration.” Under the terms of this requirement 
a census was taken every six years from 1866 to 
1896. Least population was recorded in 1872, 
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