Portuguese had a plantation and mill at Waikapu, 
on Maui, and a Chinese established the first mill 
at Wailuku; a Chinese had a mill at Hilo, and 
one was in operation on Kauai. In 1825 an 
Englishman planted 100 acres of cane in Manoa 
valley, Honolulu. The first considerable venture 
originated in 1835, at Koloa, on Kauai. Three 
years later Koloa produced over 5,000 pounds of 
sugar and 400 gallons of molasses from one acre 
of plant cane. 
The amount of sugar exported in 1843 was 500 
tons. The 1921 estimate places the crop at close 
to 600,000 tons, representing some half a hundred 
plantations. 
Thirty-six years ago, reporting on the Hawaiian 
sugar industry, an American consul wrote : “Ameri¬ 
can tact and breadth were never more forcibly 
illustrated than in the development of this indus¬ 
try. Without labor, with adverse conditions in 
the topography of the country, and other lack of 
facilities to get their crops to port for shipment, 
through patience and the wonderful energy which 
distinguishes our race, they have transformed the 
barren valleys and foothills into the most pro¬ 
ductive cane fields in the world and brought to their 
aid all the devices and assistants in machinery that 
the genius of the age has offered.” 
Others besides Americans have contributed tact 
and breadth, patience and energy to the wonder¬ 
ful development of the industry, and genius has 
given improved machinery as the years went by. 
Hotable engineering feats have overcome some of 
the adverse conditions in topography with great 
irrigation systems, and today crops are rushed to 
port for shipment by means of portable tracks, 
plantation railroads, and the railways of the vari¬ 
ous islands; but now Hawaii’s principal industry, 
in which cultivation and manufacture, through 
perseverance and intelligent experiment, have been 
raised to a standard the highest in the world, faces 
a serious situation because of the shortage of la¬ 
bor (see page 19). The home supply of labor has 
been insufficient to meet the demand since 1852, 
when the first labor immigrants were recruited. 
Except for brief periods the labor question has 
been a source of anxiety to the planters. 
In 1895 the Planters’ Labor and Supply Com¬ 
pany gave place to the Sugar Planters’ Association 
which has since been the medium of the coopera¬ 
tive efforts of the Hawaiian sugar planters. One 
of the principal functions of the former body v T as 
the procuring of an adequate supply of field labor. 
Under government supervision large numbers of 
Chinese, Portuguese and Japanese, with a few 
other nationalities, were introduced. 
In the brief space of fifteen years the Hawaiian 
pineapple industry has leaped from a position of 
almost, complete obscurity to world leadership. 
The largest pineapple canneries on the globe are in 
Hawaii. The Hawaiian Pineapple Company, at 
Honolulu, is said to have a larger daily output 
than any other single cannery of food products. To¬ 
day there are ten establishments in the Hawaiian 
Islands whose combined output is between five and 
six million cases of canned pineapple, of which 
the Hawaiian Pineapple Company puts out about 
one-third. 
The division of land in Hawaii between sugar 
cane and pineapple plantations is largely de¬ 
termined by irrigation possibilities. The coastal 
areas which can be irrigated are occupied by sugar¬ 
cane, while the upland mesas and foothills over 
which irrigation is too expensive are given over 
to pineapples, since the plants require no more 
water than comes in the average rainfall. 
Wahiawa is the chief center of Oahu Island’s 
pineapple plantations. The trip may be made 
from Honolulu by automobile, through long- 
stretches of green cane fields, into deep gullies and 
up again, up to the central plateau country. On 
either side of the wide tableland rises a rugged 
mountain range with the pineapple fields extend¬ 
ing up the basal slopes. 
Hawaiians are as musical as their language, 
readily adapting their talent to any instrument. 
In olden days their instruments were simple and 
few, a sort of primitive guitar (ukeke), a gourd 
flute, a nose flute of bamboo, and drums being 
about all they possessed. The ukeke was made 
of flexible wood, mounted with two or three strings 
of coconut fibre. Drums were made of sections 
of hollowed trunks of coconut trees, shark-skin 
being used for covering; and also of coconut 
shells. Hawaiian singing of the old d ays was a 
monotonous chanting on one, two, or three notes, 
but in perfect time. 
Eor nearly half a century the Hawaiian band 
has delighted people from all over the world. The 
Koyal Hawaiian Band, as it was known for long- 
after monarchy passed away, was until recently 
composed almost entirely of Hawaiians, and today 
the majority of its members are of the Hawaiian 
race. Many Hawaiian singers and instrumental¬ 
ists have won fame abroad. Hawaiian music is 
everywhere popular, and the phonograph has done 
a great deal to make it so. 
The manufacture of ukuleles is a thriving in- 
dustry. They have been the rage throughout the 
United States for years. Indeed, this diminutive 
guitar carries the “made in Hawaii” label to the 
ends of the earth. “Ukulele” means “jumping 
flea.” 
There are several forms of dance exhibited 
abroad under the title Hawaiian hula, or liula- 
hula, most of which are anything but Hawaiian. 
The genuine hula dance of Hawaii is rarely seen 
in these days. The original hula was less of a 
dance than acting out by gestures and movements 
the ideas expressed by the songs which they ac¬ 
companied. There are a few companies of hula 
dancers subject to engagement at entertainments. 
A modern form of the dance is not infrequently • 
performed by amateurs at the luau or feast pre¬ 
pared by Hawaiian families to celebrate a birth¬ 
day or some other significant occasion. With hair 
loose and crowned with flowers, and with a grass 
MUSIC AND THE DANCE 
