36 
proboscis or trunk, are found at the present time in the 
warmer parts of Asia, in the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and 
Ceylon, and also in central and southern Africa. 
There are two species, differing very appreciably,—the 
Indian Elephant (.Elephas indicus ) has a concave forehead, 
comparatively small ears, and has four nails developed on the 
hind feet, while the African Elephant (.Elephas africanus ) 
has a rounder forehead, much larger ears, and has three nails 
on the hind foot instead of four. The pattern of the crowns 
of the molar teeth is also different. The incisor teeth, or 
tusks, as they are called, grow to an enormous size, but are 
rarely possessed by the female Indian elephant. 
“ Bolivar, ” the large male in the collection, was presented 
to the Society by Mr. Adam Forepaugh on the twenty-fifth 
of December, 1888, and is probably the largest elephant in 
captivity, measuring nearly ten feet in height at the shoulder 
and weighing about ten thousand pounds. The other elephants 
at present in this building are “ Empress,” purchased in 1876, 
at which time she was about three years old, and “ Kaiserin,” 
presented in 1902. The last was probably born about 1898. 
The elephant is in reality a smaller animal than is com¬ 
monly supposed, careful measurements of large numbers 
in India showing that they average less than nine feet in 
height, and rarely exceed ten. They are believed to be fully 
grown at from twenty-five to thirty years of age. The ordi¬ 
nary life of the elephant is supposed to be about a hundred 
years, although in special cases they undoubtedly live much 
longer. 
The fact is given, on the authority of Sir Emerson Ten- 
nent, that the British, after their capture of the Island of 
Ceylon, in 1799, had in their service an elephant which was 
proved by the records to have served the Dutch during the 
whole term of their occupancy,—something like a hundred 
and forty years. 
The elephant lives wholly on vegetable diet. 
The Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). There 
are five or six species of rhinoceros found in Africa and Asia, 
the distribution of the animal being almost identical with 
that of the elephant. All the species, with the excep¬ 
tion of this and the Javan rhinoceros, have two horns, one 
immediately behind the other. 
Quite a number of fossil rhinoceroses have been discovered 
