FARM EQUIPMENT 
43 
of gravel, one part; sand, seven parts; and cement, two 
parts. Walks are made from “grouting” covered with a 
fine finish made of one sack of cement to thirty shovels 
of screened sand. Concrete posts, tanks and other things 
requiring a form are better if reinforced with iron. Pieces 
of rods will prevent breaking. The mixture of concrete 
is about the same as that used for foundation work, with 
a little more cement added. It is best to use a large 
Fig. 30.—Rope machine 
E. Holding board for winding plies to- 
A. Frame. 
B. Crank board. 
C. Cranks. 
D. Guide board. 
gether. 
e. Nails for attaching twine. 
amount of water in mixing to insure a uniform product. 
Floors for livestock should not be finished smoothly, 
because that permits slipping. 
Gates.—Our system of farming makes it necessary for 
every farmer to provide good fences about his farm. He 
needs gates to pass "from his fields and lots. It is aggra¬ 
vating to have gates that are sagging or that break every 
time they are pushed by a horse or pig. The best gate is 
made of five strong light boards, ten, twelve, or fourteen 
feet long, with uprights at each end and a diagonal brace, 
supported by two short braces, as illustrated in Fig. 32A. 
