88 
ELEMENTARY AGRICULTURE 
Brown Swiss calves are large at birth weighing from 
65 to 90 pounds. 
Housing Dairy Cattle.—The cold weather and the 
extremely hot weather are injurious to milk cows. 
They need protection so that the surplus food may be 
readily converted into milk. A clean stable will be ne¬ 
cessary for providing comfort. Stalls or stanchions 
are desirable where there is a number of cows, to prevent 
crowding and fighting. 
Green Feed and Pastures make up the greater por- 
Fig. 61.—Guernsey cattle. 
tion of the dairy ration in the South. Milk production 
requires feed containing a large amount of water. These 
are known as succulent feeds. Grass is our most com¬ 
mon source of succulent feed, but temporary pastures 
of oats and legumes will furnish more milk producing 
substance. In dry seasons and during the winter, the 
use of silage is advisable. 
Grain Feeds provide the solid substances and fats 
contained in milk. We call them concentrates, while 
grass, straw, and hay are known as roughage. The 
amount of the latter should balance the concentrate 
