FOR WAGGONER’S BIOLOGY 
51 
left, is the stomach. Note the hile duct which passes from the liver 
to the small intestine just below the stomach. Beneath the stom¬ 
ach and lying against it is the pancreas. Trace its duct to the 
place where it enters the small intestine. Note the coiled small 
intestine. Find the projection of the front of the upper part of 
the hip-bone. The junction of the small and large intestines occurs 
near here. Note the appendix, just below this junction. What is 
its nature? From this junction the large part, known as the ascend¬ 
ing colon, passes upward; then, as the transverse colon, it crosses 
the front part of the abdomen about at the waist line; then, as 
the descending colon, it passes downward to the lower abdominal 
cavity. Locate on your own body the region of the transverse 
colon. Note the kidneys at the back of the abdominal cavity. 
What is their shape? 
EXERCISE 54 
THE THROAT AND NASAL PASSAGES OF MAN 
Close the mouth. Explore its interior with the tongue. What is 
the size of the mouth cavity? Is the roof of the mouth hard all 
the way back? Open the mouth. By aid of a mirror, observe the 
character of the mouth lining. Then note the position of the 
following structures — the lips, the teeth, the tongue, the hard 
palate, and the soft palate. Examine your nose. Where does the 
solid bone begin? What is the nature of its tip? What is a 
broken nose ”? Locate the nasal passages. What is the nature 
of their linings? With the aid of a manikin or chart, determine 
the relation of the air passage and the food passage. (If neither 
manikin nor chart is available use the diagram in the text; see 
Waggoner, Figs. 137 and 139.) The cavity back of the mouth, 
into which the nasal cavity opens, is the pharynx. Next note the 
air passage beyond the pharynx. Study the front part of your 
neck. In this region can you feel the larynx, which is situated at 
the upper end of the windpipe? lYhat seems to be the nature of 
its walls? Look at a manikin or chart. Observe the position of the 
vocal cords. 
