viii DIRECTIONS TO THE INSTRUCTOR 
to dissection and the waste of material through frequent failures 
of pupils to make successful dissections. 
The pupil’s notebook work should be done carefully so that it 
shall lead to correct concepts and clearly defined results. It should 
be accurate but at the same time economical of the pupil’s time. 
It should never become an end in itself or a means of marking 
time. In general the drawings should show only what can be 
seen and should be done mainly in outline. Shading should be 
discouraged. The use of a hard lead pencil for drawing is ad¬ 
visable. All structures referred to in the accompanying exercise 
should he labeled in the required drawings. These labels are to 
be written or printed neatly at the side of the picture, parallel 
to the bottom of the page. They should be connected with 
the structure indicated by a straight solid or dotted line. (As 
an example, see Waggoner, Fig. 12.) Drawings are frequently 
suggested by the author but others may be asked for by the 
instructor. In some exercises the drawings may be the only 
notebook work required, but where written work seems to be 
desirable, it should be done in ink and should be clear, concise, 
and accurate. Incorrect spelling and poor English should not 
be tolerated. 
Finally, more exercises are provided than can well be used in 
a single year’s course in elementary biology. Therefore a number 
are indicated as supplementary and may be substituted for or 
used in addition to the others. It is advised that if Waggoner’s 
Modern Biology is used as a text, all exercises not indicated as 
supplementary shall be utilized so far as it is practicable. As 
additional individual problems, parts of Exercise 85 should be 
assigned. 
