HOUSE AND GARDEN 
August, ign 
tery and kindred bowel troubles, directly 
traceable in the greater percentage of cases 
to the germs carried by the flies that bred 
and swarmed about the camps. 
Scientists for years had suspected the 
fly as a carrier of disease germs. The 
camp epidemics verified their suspicions. 
Our men were sent into the field with 
every modern device for fighting their 
enemies — excepting the fly. He was not 
taken into account. They had to reckon 
with him later; all because we had not 
then learned the vital necessity of proper 
sanitation to prevent the breeding of flies. 
That the lesson was learned, and well, 
was shown by the six months’ camp of the 
23d Infantry at the Jamestown Exposition 
in the hot summer of 1907, with only two 
per cent, of sickness, and with practically 
no flies or mosquitoes, though located on 
swampy ground but ten feet above sea 
level. Intelligent camp sanitation served 
as the preventive of fly breeding, as well 
as avoiding development of poisonous 
germs to be carried by such flies as found 
their way to this camp. 
It was simply an example of the class 
of sanitation that may be maintained about 
every suburban and rural home in the 
country, and that, with proper care and 
attention, would result in a proportionate 
lessening of disease. 
The fly costs this country about $500,- 
000,000 annually; which does not take 
account of the value of the thousands of 
human lives the fly is responsible for tak¬ 
ing. As an instance, it may be cited that 
in New York City alone there are over 
12,000 deaths each year directly charged 
to the disease-carrying fly. And New 
York, except along the immediate water¬ 
front where sewage abounds and sani¬ 
tary conditions are below the average, has 
only about one fly per capita to every 
100,000 to be found in the suburban and 
country districts. 
The breeding place of flies is in filth; 
horse manure, human excrement, decay¬ 
ing animal matter, rotting vegetables, fer¬ 
menting garbage and the like. Each pound 
of such material will incubate about 
1,500 flies, repeated every ten days twelve 
times during the season, or a total of 
about 40,000,000 to each ton of filth. 
On 414 flies from dwelling houses, 
stables, pig pens and swill barrels, ex¬ 
amined between the latter part of July 
and the last of September, there were 
found about 500,000,000 disease germs; 
an average of about 1,250,000 per fly. 
On 18 flies trapped while feeding about 
kitchen swill barrels the average was 
6,600,000 per fly. 
A number of flies kept and caught in 
a bacteriological laboratory, where cleanly 
conditions prevailed, were found to be 
practically free from disease germs; a 
most conclusive demonstration in favor of 
cleanliness. 
Perhaps tire next fly that falls in your 
coffee may wash off several millions of 
various kinds of disease germs before he 
swims to the edge or drowns. Probably 
he has just been feeding on the rankest 
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