FORT ATKINSON 
WISCONSIN 
W= 
Control of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases 
It is no longer a question of whether to spray or not. 
The question is what to spray for, when to do it, and what 
spray material to use. The spray schedule on the other side 
of this page tells you what to spray, what material to use, 
and when to do it. 
As to the classification and habits of these pests, we can 
do no better than to consult Bulletin No. 145, “Pests and 
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs,” issued by the Wisconsin 
Department of Agriculture and Markets and written by 
E. L. Chambers, State Entomologist and Noel F. Thomp- 
son, Asso. Plant Pathologist. On page 9 of this bulletin, 
under the heading of “Know Your Insects,” you will notice 
four classes of insects as follows: 
1. FOLIAGE FEEDERS. Caterpillars, beetles, grass' 
hoppers, slugs, etc., bite off the solid foliage tissue or plant 
material and take it into their stomachs for food. These 
voracious feeders are easiest to control since it is simply 
necessary to coat their food with an arsenical poison which 
they will not detect. 
2. SUCKING INSECTS. Scale insects, aphids, leaf- 
hoppers and the like, weaken plants by extracting the sap 
through their sucking mouth parts. Because they pump out 
the plant juices from beneath the surface without feeding 
upon the surface, they naturally are not affected by coating 
the leaf surface with any arsenical poison. Instead we must 
depend upon sprays which kill by contact. Contact sprays 
kill either by burning or corroding the body tissue, clog¬ 
ging up the breathing pores on the sides of the insect and 
thus suffocating it, or by entering the body through these 
spiracles and affecting either the blood or nervous system. 
3. BORERS. The young or larval stages of many bee¬ 
tles, wasplike insects, certain moths, etc., burrow, upon 
hatching, within the tissue of the plant and do most of 
their feeding internally. In most instances of this kind, 
borers appear and become destructive only when the trees 
or plants have become weakened through other causes. 
Most of these feed on the exposed surfaces at some stage 
in their life cycle, when an arsenical spray or contact spray 
might be helpful in their control. Some of them can be 
destroyed within the tree by injecting certain chemicals 
into their tunnels. Those species which lay their eggs on 
or just beneath the surface of the bark can be discouraged 
from so doing by repellent paints, whitewash, etc. 
4. ROOT FEEDERS. This group includes certain lar¬ 
vae such as white grubs, root maggots, iris root borer, 
aphids, etc., which feed on the roots. The control of these 
depends largely upon sanitation practices to destroy over¬ 
wintering stages, although drenching the soil with tobacco 
concoctions, applying chemicals to soil and destroying root 
pests at time of transplanting will likewise be effective. 
If you do not have this bulletin No. 145, it will pay you 
to write the Department of Agriculture and Markets, Mad¬ 
ison, Wisconsin and secure one. It is the best bulletin of 
its kind we have ever seen. 
Red Spider on Evergreens 
The Red Spider has in the past few years caused con¬ 
siderable trouble to Evergreens. This is a very small red 
bug, hardly visible to the naked eye. This can best be 
taken care of by spraying with common glue, 1 pound to 
10 gallons of water. Be sure and thoroughly cover the 
entire tree clear to the center. A second application may 
be necessary. This will not injure the trees. 
Spray Machinery 
It depends entirely on what spraying you have to do, 
what kind of a sprayer to use. There is a siz,e for every 
need, from the small hand sprayer, that holds only a quart, 
to the large power sprayers. Everyone who has a garden 
should have spraying equipment of some kind. 
We would be glad to give you information as to where 
sprayers can be secured, if you so desire. 
THE COE, CONVERSE Sc EDWARDS CO. 
Fort Atkinson, Wis. 
Fig. 1 —A Common Aphis. An 
insect which sucks out the vital 
juices of the plants. Found on 
young growth and on under side 
of leaves. Leaves usually wither 
and curl on the infested part. 
Fig. 2—-A Common Worm. 
One form of chewing pest. 
Chewing insects eat the leaves 
of the plant entirely or eat 
holes in leaves. 
Showing Number of Trees or Plants Required to Plant an Acre 
The following table shows the number of trees or plants required to fill an acre of ground when planted at the 
given distances apart: 
30 
X 
30 . 
. 49 
30 
X 
20 . 
. 72 
25 
X 
25 . 
. 70 
25 
X 
20 . 
. 87 
20 
X 
20 . 
. 109 
20 
X 
15 . 
. 135 
10 
X 
10 . 
. 435 
8 
X 
8 . 
... 680 
8 
X 
6 . 
. 907 
7 
X 
3 . 
.2,074 
5 
X 
3 . 
.2,904 
5 
X 
4 . 
.2,178 
4 
X 
2 . 
.5,445 
4 
X 
31/2 . 
.7,260 
3l /2 
X 
2 . 
.6,222 
If this table does not give the distances you desire to plant, divide 43,560, the number of square feet in an 
acre, by the number of square feet each tree or plant will occupy. 
[ 35 ] 
