House & Garden 
34 CLIFF STKEET NEW YORK. N. Y. 
Ornamental Wire s i 
Lawn, Farm and -s 
Garden Gates 
Poultry Fence and , 
Netting 
Window Screens ss 
!i! 
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very popular model because of its sim 
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Many hundreds of buildings of this moc 
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KOLB BUILDING CO. 
36 Church St., New York 
Behind the House Stands the Orchard 
(Continued from page 70) 
Trees cannot be lifted and transplant¬ 
ed to other quarters without receiving a 
check, so their upper growth should be 
reduced somewhat after they are reset. 
Pruning lessens the strain on the roots 
until they have re-established them¬ 
selves. How severely the tree should be 
cut depends to a great extent upon its 
condiUon when it was planted. If it 
was a long time in transit, or if the 
roots were badly damaged, it should be 
severely pruned. In all cases, however, 
it is advisable to cut back enough to en¬ 
courage vigorous growth when the sap 
starts. ■ 
If you do not intend to spray your 
trees you may just as well give up the 
idea of having an orchard; you cannot 
be successful without this necessary cul¬ 
tural detail. The trees should be sprayed 
yearly when dormant with one of the 
soluble oil sprays for the various bark 
pests such as San Jose or oyster-shell 
scale, bark fungi, etc. When they have 
attained a fruiting size they must be' 
sprayed when in flower for the different 
moths and parasites that operate from 
the inside of the fruit. For this purpose 
a combination of Bordeaux mixture and 
arsenate of lead is usually applied. To 
insure the success of this operation it 
should be followed by two other thor¬ 
ough sprayings at intervals of about 
three weeks. 
Keep It Cool in a Good Refrigerator 
(Continued from page 52) 
smooth, hard, non-porous, non-warp- 
able, non - rustable material, the best 
type of which is the burnt-in vitreous 
porcelain in several layers on a metal 
backing. These linings must be made in 
one piece with no seams. No seams 
and seamless are quite different in their 
implication. “No seams” is what it 
seems to indicate, but seamless means a 
camouflage of joints. Joints and seams 
are food and odor entrappers and pre¬ 
sage disease and death. Many of the 
advertised enamel interiors are made of 
nothing but paint heated, not burnt-in, 
which therefore flakes off or grases 
(cracks form) and falls into the food, 
which of course is not a particularly epi¬ 
curean sort of truffle! 
The doors, too, must be seamless, 
jointless, screwless and smooth. 
The shelves and other partitions must 
be of smooth, heavily tinned wire mesh. 
Smooth to prevent accumulation of 
food; and the wire mesh to insure rapid 
and unimpeded circulation of air. 
The Nine Points 
Therefore, to preserve the sanitation 
of the home and the consequent sanity 
of the world before buying a refrigera¬ 
tor the following Nine Points should be 
laid before the Kitchen Diplomatic Ta¬ 
ble: 
1. Does it: Maintain a low and uni¬ 
form temperature? 
2. Maintain a pure atmosphere? 
3. Appear to keep absolutely sani¬ 
tary? 
4. Seem to be built to keep perfect 
circulation and an absence from odors? 
5. Keep free from moisture? 
6. Seem built to be economical in ice 
consumption ? 
7. Have a system to insure perfect 
drainage ? 
8. Contain a porcelain lining in pro¬ 
vision chamber? 
9. And does it seem to be built for 
durability as well as for beauty? 
And now about enforcing the Nine 
Points. 
The Insulation 
How for instance is a minimum tem¬ 
perature to be kept? Chiefly, by insu¬ 
lation—this is a strictly mechanical 
term understood by motorists and engi¬ 
neers and must be understood by the 
housewife, who is a domestic or kitchen 
engineer if she is anything. The low 
temperature is kept by keeping out the 
outside heat and keeping in the inside 
cold! After much experiment, it has 
been found that the walls, floors and 
doors of every refrigerator must have 
at least one air space, from six to nine 
layers of insulating material consisting 
of pebbled cork, or certain patented ma¬ 
terials, mineral wool, asbestos and vari¬ 
ous layers of porous substances which 
keep out the outer warm air and pre¬ 
vent the cold air from escaping. . (See 
illustration.) Well insulated refrigera¬ 
tors backed up against boilers, stoves or 
vats maintain a temperature far below 
58 or 60 degrees; some, the best, main¬ 
tain 50 degrees. 
As to Ice Chambers 
The ice compartment should be above, 
and to one side, so that the cold air 
from the melting ice can descend, as is 
the custom of cold air, and can rise 
again as it gets heated in its contact 
with the provisions and pass up over 
the ice, be cooled and' pass down again 
with its collected odors through the 
drain. This is what is called air circula¬ 
tion, and when the ice box is properly 
constructed, and when the ice compart¬ 
ment is kept full, the air is in constant 
motion, traveling over and over again 
up and down and around the food and 
ice. This constant activity of the air 
is what insures an odorless condition, 
unmouldy and cold food. 
In the best refrigerators the ice cham¬ 
ber extends a few inches below the door 
and is lined with the highest grade of 
smooth galvanized metal, lock jointed, 
and is without seams and sharp edges. 
In some refrigerators the wall between 
the ice compartment and the provision 
chamber is slatted, in some there is a 
space at the top, in others, holes are 
bored, top and bottom, to permit the 
free egress of the circulating air. These 
methods are good in varying degrees. 
The main things to be kept in mind are: 
1. Does the air circulate enough to 
prevent any moisture accumulating in 
the refrigerator? Can salt be kept dry 
and granular in it for one hundred 
hours ? 
2. Does the refrigerator keep below 
60 degrees, or better between 45 and 50 
degrees ? Will a damp cloth dry quicker 
inside than outside of it, because of the 
rapid circulation and dryness of the air? 
3. Do matches keep dry and can they 
be lighted by being struck on its walls? 
(This shows whether the ice box is 
dry!) 
4. Does the milk taste of cheese or 
the butter of the soup? If they have 
any “acquired traits,” you may be sure 
the circulation of air in your refrigerator 
is bad or else there are seams or grases 
in the tile, holding odors in their grip. 
Tiles and other beautiful interiors have 
in many instances .been discarded by 
many makers because of their brittle¬ 
ness or pertinacious grip on odors— 
which, in the form of gases, poison 
foods and hence the family! Opal glass 
has been dropped because of its fragil¬ 
ity in lighter weights. There are, how¬ 
ever, some manufacturers who use tile 
with excellent result. 
Another important feature is the drain 
pipe, more important almost than the 
exhaust on the motor. If this pipe is 
not constructed solely to carry off odors 
and waste materials from the cleanest 
ice .and not to import insects, gases 
(Continued on page 74) 
