FOREST AND STREAM 
Aug. 9. 1913. 
102 
Pure Water For Fishes. 
Read Before a Meeting of the American Paper 
and Pulp Association. 
BY N. R. BULI.ER, COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES, 
STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
Without pure water the Commissioner of 
Fisheries is as helpless in the raising of fish as 
the paper maker is in producing white paper. 
The first paper makers in this country used 
rags, and even the mummies of ancient Egypt 
were robbed to help keep up the supply, but 
the supply of rags is no longer equal to the 
demand, in spite of the cry of so many persons 
that the poor are growing poorer, and there are 
more of them, which would seem ought to in¬ 
crease the supply of rags. 
Then the paper men turned to other sources 
and took lessons from the first paper maker 
who used wood pulp. No one appreciates more 
than the commissioner of fisheries the value of 
the paper industry and the importance of its 
not being crippled. Nevertheless, pure water is 
as necessary to him for his business as it is for 
the pulp and paper maker. When the paper 
maker first located on the stream, he was prob¬ 
ably the only manufacturer upon it, and the 
pure water was as cheap to him as the air he 
breathed. When some other manufacturer lo¬ 
cated above him and began to run refuse in 
the stream, which spoiled its pureness and 
brought trouble and expense to the manufac¬ 
turer. there was another exemplification of the 
case of whose ox was gored. To purify the 
water defiled by the man above, the paper maker 
was compelled to put in purification plants, and 
this is a factor with which the fishery interest 
hopes to impress upon you. If the manufac¬ 
turer above can be compelled to purify his water, 
then the money expended by the paper man for 
getting that formerly dirty water purified can 
be expended in seeing that his refuse no longer 
pollutes the stream. A regard for the rights 
of one’s neighbors should be inherent in every 
human mind, because every one should do unto 
his neighbor as his neighbor should do unto him. 
But back of all this is the question of 
economy. In the workings' of nature there is 
no waste. When a giant of the forest falls be¬ 
fore the storm, it lies on the ground and grad¬ 
ually wastes away. Not an atom of it is lost 
in the economy of nature, and the remnants of 
that tree go to make up the food for a suc¬ 
cessor. Eons ago, when the world was younger 
by some millions of years, the world bore a 
luxuriant crop of vegetation—trees and plants. 
In one of those mysterious cataclysms of nature 
this vegetation was shrouded in what is known 
as the carboniferous age, and these trees and 
this vegetation became what we to-day called 
coal. This coai has become one of the most 
important factors of life, but with its use men 
are learning that every part of that coal has a 
value, and all that is not saved is so much of 
a waste and a loss of capital. 
Among the most important uses to which 
coal is put is in the form of gas and coke, and 
the manufacturers of these products use coal by 
the millions of tons. The coal represents in an¬ 
other form the tree that lived at the carbo¬ 
niferous age, which tree is almost identical with 
the tree that is used by the paper maker to¬ 
day. The gas and coke maker were the first 
to recognize the fact that in the workings of 
nature there is no loss, everything being utilized. 
The first ovens used to make coke from this 
coal sent all the gas to foul the air, while the 
waste products ran to defile the stream. In this 
latter they came in contact with the fishery in¬ 
terests, and loud were the demands that the 
pollution should be stopped. But self interest 
is greater even than regard for the public wel¬ 
fare, and the makers of coke began to take 
steps to save every particle of product. At the 
Bethlehem Steel Works they have erected a 
series of coke ovens from which not a particle 
of anything escapes, but every part of the coal 
is made a source of revenue. The gas that was 
allowed to escape from the primitive ovens is 
now used in helping heat the furnaces, while 
the tar and other products are found to be of 
a value that surprises the makers. 
The same was true with the first makers 
of gas. They saved at first merely the gas and 
allowed to run to waste the substances which 
were the foulest kind of pollution for the 
waters. So foul was this pollution that the pub¬ 
lic revolted and the gas makers were compelled 
to take measures to dispose otherwise of their 
refuse than by running it into the streams. At 
San Francisco the gas companies have put in a 
plant which takes care of its refuse, and to the 
astonishment of the makers, they have dis¬ 
covered a source of revenue in lamp black and 
other products that add to their revenues in a 
way that makes the makers wonder they had 
never gathered that money before. 
Such being the experience and work of the 
men who handle coal, it should be a lesson that 
one who runs may easily read, and it seems that 
the pulp and paper maker ought to ponder well 
over this lesson as he looks upon the tree which 
is to go into his crucible. Why should he not 
evolve some means to use every particle of 
that tree, for every particle of it has value. 
Even the fiber that escapes and pollutes the 
stream could be utilized into making wood al¬ 
cohol. Somebody has defined dirt as being mat¬ 
ter out of place, and pollution is merely only 
another name for matter that ought to be turned 
into something of value by being put in its 
right place. Such being the case there is no 
reason that the paper and pulp maker to-day 
should not so far consult his own interests and 
a benefit to the commissioner of fisheries by fol¬ 
lowing the teachings of nature, and the lessons 
taught by the coke and gas men, and instead of 
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