House and Garden 
and io-inch ice sustains an army or an 
innumerable multitude. On 15-inch 
ice, railroad tracks are often laid and 
operated for months, and ice two feet 
thick withstood the impact of a loaded 
passenger car, after a 6o-foot fall (or 
perhaps, 1,500 foot tons), but broke 
under that of the locomotive and tender 
(or perhaps, 3,000 foot tons). Traut- 
wine gives the crushing strength of firm 
ice as 167,250 pounds per square inch. 
Col. Ludlow, in his experiments in 1881, 
on six 12-inch cubes, found 292,889 
pounds for pure hard ice, and 222,820 
pounds for inferior grades, and on the 
Delaware River, 700 pounds for clear ice 
and 400 pounds or less for ice near the 
mouth, where it is more or less disin¬ 
tegrated by the action of salt water, etc. 
Experiments of Gzowski gave 208 
pounds; those of others, 310 to 320 
pounds. The tensile strength was 
found by German experiments to be 
142,223 pounds per square inch. The 
shearing strength has been given as 
75,119 pounds per sqare inch. The 
average specific-gravity of ice is 0.92. 
OPIUM-POPPY CULTURE 
^ONSUL Thomas H. Norton writes 
a comprehensive article on the 
culture of the opium-poppy in Asia 
Minor with processes of extraction and 
commercial handling. This data he 
collected for an American manufacturer 
who was visiting Smyrna. .Mr. Norton 
is of the opinion that the United States 
offers an admirable field for opium- 
poppy raising, the importance of the 
product being evident by the statement 
that the American imports of opium 
amount to about $1,200,000 annually. 
The total opium crop of Turkey for 
the past ten years has been as high as 
11,000 “couffes” or baskets of 165 to 
175 pounds each (the crop in 1902), but 
the crop of 1905 totaled only 3,500 
baskets. The average annual exporta¬ 
tion of opium from Smyrna amounts to 
from 200 to 225 tons, ranging in value 
from $1,400,000 to $1,600,000. Mesopo¬ 
tamia also averages $500,000 in opium 
exports per year. Another opium 
region is Malatia, near Harput, where 
the best grades assayed ten per cent 
morphine. From Samsoun, in Northern 
Asia Minor, about seventy tons are 
exported annually. In European Tur¬ 
key the opium is marketed at Salonica, 
where some grades have assayed as high 
Windsor Chair 
Our Specialty is 
Cottage Furniture 
(Simple in line and well built) 
Adapted to shore and country houses. 
Can be furnished unfinished or stained to 
match interior decorations. A request will 
bring a package containing 200 distinctive 
patterns. 
Visitors are invited to inspect specimen 
pieces displayed in our warerooms. 
WILLIAM LEAVENS 4 CO. 
MANUFACTURERS 
32 CANAL STREET 
BOSTON 
WILLOW FURNITURE 
Our 1907 catalogue of artistic patterns will be mailed 
to you upon receipt of 25 cents in stamps. This 
amount will be refunded when we receive your order 
for one or more pieces of furniture. 
THE WILLOWCRAFT SHOPS 
Box C. North Cambridge, Mass. 
A NEW BUILDING METHOD 
organization, which directs, co-ordinates and 
controls every part of a building operation. 
It includes under a single contract the ser¬ 
vices of the architect, builder, decorator and 
furnisher, and places the responsibility for 
every detail of the work on a single firm. 
"The Way to Build" mailed on request. 
HOGGSON BROTHERS 
CONTRACTING DESIGNERS OF 
Residences, Banks, Clubs, Libraries 
7 EAST 44th STREET, NEW YORK 
Complete mantel in colored mat glazes 
MADE BY 
R00KW00D POTTERY CO. 
CINCINNATI 
In writing to advertisers please mention House and Garden. 
19 
