HOUSE AND GARDEN 
March, 
i 9 l 3 
207 
trees at once, “heel them in,” by digging 
a shallow trench in a shaded place, pack¬ 
ing them closely into it and covering the 
roots with earth. In this way they will 
keep in proper condition until you are 
ready to use them. In planting, the trees 
should be set fairly deep, so that the point 
of union between stock and bud will be 
between three and four inches below the 
surface of the soil. In planting, the trees 
should, of course, be set very firmly into 
the soil, and the same raked smooth and 
fine on top after the operation is finished. 
Planting may be done in either spring or 
fall, but as a general rule, north of Phila¬ 
delphia, it would be better to undertake it 
in early spring, especially where only a 
few trees are being set out, so that they 
can be carefully looked after and mulched 
during the first season. 
The amount of space available and other 
local conditions will determine whether 
you want to grow the trees in their reg¬ 
ular form or train them near a wall or 
upon a trellis. In the latter case, the 
growth is induced to take a lateral form, 
as far as possible. Even with dwarfs the 
results will depend very largely upon the 
thoroughness with which the pruning is 
done, especially in the early stages of 
growth. To induce the pyramidal form of 
growth, which is usually the best for dwarf 
trees, it is necessary to cut back the main 
shoots or “leaders” quite low down, thus 
inducing the more vigorous growth of the 
side branches, and leaving the tree with an 
open center. At the time of planting they 
should be shortened back about one-third 
in the usual way, and as soon as they be¬ 
come established the centers should be cut 
back to a height of from ten to twenty 
inches. If vigorous growth is made, these 
side branches should be headed in, leaving 
four or five shoots on each. These will, 
of course, tend to an upright position in 
making their growth. The following 
spring these shoots should be cut back 
severely — one-half will not be too much 
if they have made a vigorous growth— 
and in case they should be too thick re¬ 
move some of the side branches from 
which they sprout. This severe pruning 
should be continued for three or four 
years, and the shoots should be gone over 
annually, early in the summer. All 
branches that crowd or cross should be 
cut out, and all those that seem to be mak¬ 
ing too vigorous growth should be headed 
back in order that the tree may be kept 
symmetrical. For best results in the fruit 
there should be free access of air and sun¬ 
light to all parts of the tree. Each spring, 
the annual growth of the year before 
should be cut back a third or more, as 
may be required to keep the trees in shape 
as small as desired. 
Where the trees are to be trained upon 
the trellis, a somewhat different system 
has to be used. In the first place they 
should be planted almost directly under 
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