Apple Blotch 
The Time for First Codling 
Moth Spray 
Codling Moth or Apple Worm 
A Chewing Insect 
San Jose Adult Female Scales 
How to Spray the Orchard and Garden 
These pages are written to help orchardists and gardeners 
raise better fruit, flowers and vegetables. Orchard and garden 
pests are divided into two divisions — insects and diseases. 
Insects are classified as chewing insects and sucking insects. 
CHEWING INSECTS—Have mouth parts that enable them to 
bite off and chew the foliage and fruit. Such insects as the 
potato bug, apple worm and cabbage worm are examples. The 
way to control chewing insects is to poison their food, which is 
the fruit and foliage. 
SUCKING INSECTS—Are so called because they have mouth 
parts that pierce and suck the juices and sap from the leaves, 
fruit and foliage. Included in this class are scale insects, aphis 
or plant lice, red spiders, thrips, etc. These insects are controlled 
by spraying them directly with a material that paralyzes or 
suffocates them. Black Leaf 40 or Evergreen are used. 
FUNGUS DISEASES—A fungus disease is a condition in a plant 
that may effect fruit, leaves or bark, and is a low form of plant 
life that originates from a minute spore or seed. As the fungus 
spore or seed germinates it pushes its roots into the tissues of the 
plant and causes what is known as a fungus disease. Examples 
of fungus diseases are brown rot on plums, peaches or cherries, 
scab on apples, mildew on roses or grapes, and curl on peaches. 
CODLING MOTH OR APPLE WORM (a chewing insect)—This 
insect hibernates as a pinkish white worm in cocoons under the 
bark of trunk or other protected places. The worm transforms 
itself into a moth, which emerges about blossom time and lays 
eggs on the fruit and foliage. The eggs hatch about 2 or 3 weeks 
after the fall of petals, at which time about 90% of the young 
worms enter the apples at the calyx or blossom end. It is very 
important that the calyx spray is applied at the right time, be¬ 
tween 7 and 10 days before calyx closes. 
SCAB (a fungus disease)—Scab makes its first appearance in 
the cool wet weather in the spring. The spores or germs of Scab 
live through the winter in the dead leaves lying under the trees, 
and are discharged into the air, and the wind carries them to 
the young leaves and blossom stems where they grow and mul¬ 
tiply rapidly. The disease makes its first appearance on the 
underside of the leaves in the form of brownish spots, which 
later become black. It spreads to the upper side of the leaves 
and to the fruit. The disease on the fruit makes brown or black 
spots and later the fruit cracks and falls. 
BLOTCH (a fungus disease)—Blotch is found on the fruit, leaves 
and twigs. On the fruit the disease appears as a brown, irreg¬ 
ular edged mass of fibers, beneath the skin of the fruit; on the 
leaves numerous small light gray spots with a single black dot 
in the middle of each spot. On the twigs the disease appears as 
a circular canker on new growth. 
SAN JOSE SCALE (a sucking insect)—The most common class 
of insects that attack apples, pear anil quince trees are scale 
insects. They attack nearly every kind of tree, including shade 
trees and evergreens. The most distinctive scale insect is the 
San Jose Scale. This insect attacks all parts of the tree, includ¬ 
ing the trunks, branches, leaves and fruit, and usually causes 
bright red spots on the skin of the apples. The branches and 
trunk covered with San Jose Scales have a rough, grayish 
appearance. By scraping these, soft yellowish insects can be seen. 
Apple Scab 
Too Late for First Codling 
Moth Spray 
Apple Scab 
A Fungus Disease 
Left Ready for the First Spraying 
for Curculio. Branch on Right Too 
Early for Effective Spraying. 
APPLE SPRAY PROGRAM 
DORMANT SPRAY—FOR SCALE INSECTS—For scale insects 
and blister mites use a dormant spray, after the leaves drop 
in the fall and before buds swell in the spring, and when the 
temperature is above 40 degrees. Use Buchanan’s Oil Emulsion, 
diluted 2 gallons to 48 gallons of water, or concentrated lime- 
sulphur solution, 6 gallons to 44 gallons of water, or use 15 
pounds dry lime-sulphur to 50 gallons of water. 
PINK BUD SPRAY—As the individual buds in a cluster begin 
to separate use concentrated lime-sulphur solution diluted 5 
quarts to 50 gallons water, or 4 pounds sulforon to 50 gallons 
water, or 4 pounds Koppers Flotation Sulphur to 50 gallons 
water. To either of the above mixtures add Vz pound Ortho 
Dry Spreader. 
FULL BLOOM SPRAY—Apply when 75% of the blossoms are 
wide open. Frequently apples and pears bloom beautifully 
and do not set any fruit. Failure to set fruit under these con¬ 
ditions is usually caused by blight. This spray properly applied 
will prevent dropping of blossoms and small fruit caused by 
blight. Spray with 1-3-50 Bordeaux or Coposil, % pound to 
50 gallons water. 
PETAL FALL OR CALYX SPRAY—Begin when petals are 
three-fourths off and finish before the calyx closes. Use same 
materials as written for Pink Bud Spray, and add IV 2 pounds 
Arsenate of Lead. 
In applying cover sprays it is equally important to cover both 
fruit and foliage. 
FIRST COVER SPRAY—Begin 7 days following last spray. Use 
8 pounds Bordeaux Mixture in 50 gallons water, or dilute Coposil 
1 pound to 50 gallons water. To either of the above mixtures add 
V 2 pound Ortho Dry Spreader. Beta-Napthol Tree Bands should 
be applied about the time of first cover spray. 
SECOND COVER SPRAY—Begin 10 days after First Cover 
Spray, using same materials as in First Cover Spray plus two 
quarts Orthol-K Summer Oil. 
THIRD COVER SPRAY—Begin 10 days after Second Cover 
Spray, using same materials. 
FOURTH COVER SPRAY—Begin 12 days after Third Cover 
Spray, using same materials. 
LATER COVER SPRAYS—Begin two weeks after Fourth Cover, 
using same materials, except omitting Orthol-K. Apply as often 
as needed but DO NOT USE ARSENATE OF LEAD later than 
one month before harvest. The above spray program is equally 
as good for pear and quince. 
When using any of the above materials follow special directions 
on package for mixing. 
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