Knapsack pump-sprayer holding 
five gallons 
Convenient spraying apparatus for liquid insecticides 
and fungicides 
Barrel pump-sprayer indispen¬ 
sable in large gardens 
When, What and How to Spray 
INSECTS AND FUNGI THAT HARM PLANT LIFE—WHEN TO LOOK 
FOR THEM AND HOW TO PUT THEM OUT OF EXISTENCE 
by Gardner Teall 
Photographs by Dr. C. D. Jarvis and others 
A LMOST every plant under cultivation is subject to some 
blight or pest that it has been free from in its wild state. 
Fungoid, parasitic growths and insect visitations cause such 
havoc in our orchards and gardens, from hedgerow to flower-bed, 
that scientific research into the subject has come just in time to 
save the plant-grower from many discouragements. 
There is now hardly a single plant ailment that we are either 
unfamiliar with or unable to cope with, wherefore liquid spraying, 
or the application of liquid fungicides and insecticides to affected 
trees, shrubs, vines, and plants, has become an expedient of the 
greatest importance to everyone having a lawn or garden. It is a 
disheartening thing to see the plants you have worked over and 
nurtured turn sere-leaved out of season, droop and die, when you 
have looked forward to their mature beauty and usefulness with 
all the hope the heart of a garden-maker can hold. 
Fungoid plant-diseases are quite as much to be dreaded as 
attacks from insect foes upon plant life. We can hardly cure their 
mischief, but, to a great extent we can prevent their occurrence 
by spraying and, in some measure, check the spread of blight or 
anthracnose likewise. 
As only a microscope will disclose to us just where the minute 
fungi spores are lodging themselves, it becomes necessary to pre¬ 
vent the possibility of their appearing at all, even if, in seasons 
past, our trees and shrubs and vines and plants seem to have 
been free from disease. Not only must they be sprayed once but 
often, as the effect of liquid spraying (which has great advantage 
over dust spraying) is cumulative. The first spraying may not 
reach tiny spores tucked away in budding portions of the plant, 
which, when these come into branching proportions then present 
the disease upon a surface that can be reached by subsequent 
spray applications. 
As the writer has often had occasion to remind the garden- 
maker, all the spraying in the world will be rendered futile if one’s 
neighbor’s trees and plants are diseased and do not receive like 
attention. Therefore one of the first things to do is to prevail on 
him to have his spraying done coincident with yours, and if he 
remains indifferent to the matter it is far better for you to bear 
the expense of doing it for him than to subject your trees to 
danger from contamination. Indeed, the matter of communal 
effort in this direction is of such importance that many neighbor¬ 
hood societies of garden owners have been formed, and out of 
the common treasury the expenses of neighborhood spraying 
have been borne, thus establishing one of the most helpful co¬ 
operative movements known for the maintenance of fair areas. 
Insect pests may be divided into two general classes: insects 
that injure the plants by biting and chewing (these must be got 
rid of by poisoning their food), and insects that destroy plant life 
by sucking the juices of the plants (these latter must be met 
openly and killed by external poisons, fume suffocation, etc., as 
they pay no attention to surface poisons). 
In the first class we have the Flee-beetle, the Potato-bug, 
the Cabbage-bug, Aphides (Plant-lice), and the Cinch-bug, and 
among the second class are to be found the moth parents of the 
Cut-worm, the Tassel-worm, the white Grub-worm’s moth, the 
Onion-maggot, Maple-borer and Rose-bug. 
Spraying is easily accomplished even on the smallest premises. 
Excellent and inexpensive apparatus is offered in the market 
(your florist or your nurseryman can always supply you with 
reliable manufacturer’s addresses). The pump should be strongly 
made, and one nozzle will be sufficient. You will probably have 
to renew the spraying hose every year, if you have much work to 
be done. If you have a large garden you can rig up a barrel on 
wheels, for moving the Bordeaux Mixture or other arsenate sprays 
around, and fit it with pump hose and nozzle at a total cost of ten 
dollars. For a small garden a hand sprayer costing, say, four 
dollars, is sufficient. The knapsack style of sprayer, carried by 
straps on the shoulders, is especially good and will throw a spray 
fully fifteen feet. This can be used to equal advantage on fruits 
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