162 
Simmons, Remarks aboutthe Relations of the Floras etc. 
Tke species common to all the four arctic districts are very 
few, only 17 (19), giving 12 per et. of the wkole number, wliick 
seems to speak against tlie looking upon tlie present flora of the 
Polar Sea as old and directly descending from tke former flora 
of tke regions it now occupies. Tlie 19 species nnder 1. (table 
III) are: 
*Pylaiella litoralis 
*Sphacelaria racemosa 
* CJiaetopteris plumosa 
*Phloeospliora tortilis 
*Desmarestia aculeata 
*Elachista fucicola 
* Ch ordaria flagelliformis 
Laminaria cuneifolia 
,, solidungida 
*Fucus inflatus 
Of tkese tlie species marked witk * are found in tlie nor- 
tkern part of tlie Atlantic as well as of tlie Pacific, and some of 
tliem are still wider distributed. Only Laminaria cuneifolia and 
L. solidungula do not go down into tke Atlantic, but tke former at 
least seems to kave been found in tke Pacific. Phyllophora In¬ 
terrupt a is a decidedly arctic form, notwitkstanding its being 
found also on atlantic. coasts, wkere it is eise substitut ed by Ph. 
Brodiaei. However tke above list will, as I liave already allu- 
ded to, probably get considerable additions, wlien we get a bet- 
knowledge of tke american and asiatic Polar Sea, Yet, even if 
all species not fonnd only in one of tke least explored districts, 
a n um ber of about 20, were distributed, all over tke arctic re¬ 
gions, we would still get only about 25 per ct. of tke wliole 
flora. Indeed, tke groups, 6, 12, 13, containing tke numbers of 
species from tke best known districts sliow a total of 98 spe¬ 
cies, but it is very improbable tkat tke majority of tkese will 
ever be found in tke otker regions. If some will, it surely must 
be some of tke species tkat are common to tke wliole area nortk 
of tke Atlantic, but it must be remembered, tkat it is not only 
tkrougk tke better exploration, tkat Western Gfreenland and at 
least some parts of tke Spitzbergen province skow so muck grea- 
ter figures tkan tke otker districts, but tkat also tke natural 
conditions of tliose coasts play tkeir part, and tkat tke neigli- 
bourkood of atlantic, rickly stocked districts kas facilitated Im¬ 
migration of soutkern forms. Tlius I tkink it will always be 
necessary to upkold tlie assertion, tkat tke present arctic ma¬ 
rine flora is no unity and tkat its origin can kardly be in tke 
regions it now occupies. I will give furtker reasons for tkis 
opinion later, but now tke flora of tke Spitzbergen district must 
be studied some wliat closer. Tke 120 species of tkat area are 
distributed as follows: 
Phyllophora interrupta 
*Euth ora cri st ata 
*Bhodymenia palmata 
*Halosaccion ramentaceum 
*Delesseria sinuosa 
*Polysiphonia arctica 
*Bhodomela lycopodioides 
*Ptilota pectinata 
* Antithamnion hör edle. 
