184 
Simmons, Remarks about tlie Relations of tlie Floras etc. 
well supported by tbe distribution of species. For such genera 
as Pelvetia, Ascophyllum, Halidrys, Himanthalia, Furcellaria, 
Polyides, wbicb liave a wide area in tlie nortliern Atlantic, and 
are only represented by a single species, it seems however hardly 
possible to presume an origin elsewliere, tbey must have bad 
tbeir tertiary bome in tbe same region. As for species of otlier 
genera wbicb could be connted as citizens of tlie tertiary-polar 
flora, I tbink it will be enongb to refer to the tables" I, VI, 
and VII. 
But still tbere are more algae, wbicb probably bave bad 
tbeir origin in tbe same area. Indeed it is difficnlt to form an 
absolute opinion about such as are at present distributed princi- 
pally in tbe immediate neigbbourbood of tbe limit between tbe 
Polar Sea and tbe Atlantic ; f. inst, in nortliern Horway and 
Iceland or somewdiat furtber to tbe soiitli and besides in" some 
arctic district to tbe nortb of tbe Atlantic. Algae such as 
species of Microsyphar , Dermatocelis , Symphyocarpus, Phaeostroma. 
Omphalophyllum, Phaeosaccion, Kjellmania , Sorapion, a. o., niost 
probably bave grown in tbe Polar Sea of tertiary times, and 
are tbere now for tbe second time, but on tlie otlier band it 
cannot be denied, tbat as far as tbe present distribution is 
known, it also allows to tliink of an origin soutli of tlie land- 
bridge. At least a 100 species or somewbat more in tbe present 
floras of tbe Atlantic, tbe Arctic Sea and tbe nortb Pacific after 
all probability can be traced back to tbe tertiary Polar Sea. 
However I cannot agree witb Kjellman (30, p. 56) tbat we 
must seek tbe origin of such species, as are now atlantic-pacific, 
in a glacial sea. Doubtless tbey are descendants of tbe old 
tertiary flora of tbe Polar Sea, tbat was not arctic. AVben tlie 
arctic conditions began to make existence difficult for tbat flora, 
its place was filled up by tbe first arctic one, tbat may bave 
lived previously far nortb or first appeared in tbe preglacial 
time as a result of tbe altered conditions of life. Lastly even 
tbe arctic species began a migration soutbwards into botli oceans, 
but came back again afterwards. 
Still tbere are some algae tbat must be treated more in 
detail, namely tbe Fucaceae and Laminariaceae. Kjellman 
(30, p. 11—12) also speaks of tbese as especially cbaracteristic 
for tbe Polar Sea. The tbird family be mentions, tbe Coralli- 
naceae, must be left aside as too little known, notwithstanding 
its prominence in tbe most arctic parts of tlie Polar Sea. Tbere 
also tbe Laminariaceae , represented by tbe genera Laminaria , 
Agarum and Maria take a very great part in forming tbe 
Vegetation, so as to qualify tbe arctic waters for tlie name ,,the 
sea of tbe Laminariaceae“ . Tbe Fucaceae on tbe ot-her band 
are, as Kjellman also points out, mostly restricted to tbe 
less arctic parts of tbe Polar Sea, only tbere tbey are able to 
bold extensive parts of tbe bottom. It is also natural, tbat tbe 
Fucaceae , as mostly litoral algae, should bave tbeir principal 
area soutb of tbe arctic regions. 
