House and Garden 
Figure 1 ) An “ indirect ” radiator showing rotary 
circulation, or supply from outside wall 
in France on a large scale 
by F. M. Bonncmain, 
in a building used for 
the hatching and culture 
of chickens for the Paris 
market. It was intro- 
d ti c e d 1 n t o If n g 1 a n d 
generally in one of the 
earliest years of the last 
century, by the Marcjtiis 
de Chahannes, who was 
long regarded as the in¬ 
ventor of the first prac¬ 
tical system. While it 
was probably used in 
Canada during the first 
half of the last century, 
the idea did not make 
its appearance in the 
United States until 
about 1850, and did not 
come into anything like a general use until 1875-80. 
The evolution of the method in America has 
brought out many highly perfected mechanical de¬ 
vices which have extended the utility 
of the water method to nearly all sorts 
of buildings and even to the rural 
homes of the modern progressive 
American farmer. Competition, bet¬ 
ter and more direct methods of manu¬ 
facture, have so decreased the cost 
of the apparatus to the house owner, 
that at the present moment com¬ 
plete water heating outfits are within 
the range of purchase by nearly all 
classes of householders, - capitalist, 
farmer, merchant, manufacturer, the 
daily wage earning artisan, — em¬ 
ployer and employee. 
For the assistance of those who do 
not know about the mechanical fea¬ 
tures of the method it may he well to 
briefly outline a description of the 
appliances used. First the boiler (so 
TYPICAL AMERICAN COTTAGE IN SEAITLE 
Warmed by water apparatus costing $250 
called,—for the water really never “boils”) is usually 
located in the cellar and is made up of hollow cast 
iron, water-tight connected sections through which 
the water circulates. Sometimes this water heater is 
round m form, sometimes square or rectangular. A 
transverse view of the round form is shown in Figure 
A and an open view of the square form in Figure 
B. "Fhe water passes through the chambers or water 
spaces of the heater around and over the ignited 
coals, flames, heated gases and smoke. One or 
more principal water mains with as many pipes as 
may he necessary to supply the radiators are con¬ 
ducted from the top of the boiler, and similar pipes 
return the water to its base. These radiators (which 
should not be con¬ 
founded with registers) 
are in most cases placed 
directly in the room to 
he warmed and in this 
form they are termed 
“ direct radiators.” 
When placed in boxes 
under the floor, air from 
outside is circulated 
over them and passes up 
into the room through 
registers with latticed 
gratings placed in the 
floor. Radiators for 
this purpose are called 
“indirect”— because 
the wa r m i ng of the 
room is accomplished 
from surfaces not located 
within the room. The 
engraving marked Figure D shows an “indirect 
radiator” in a cellar box with a duct which brings 
m the fresh air from the outside. An inside duct 
THE CELEBRATED WARWICK CASTLE NEAR STRATFORD, ENGLAND 
Warmed by Water Apparatus made in America 
62 
