104 
H 0 H s c ^ Cl d y d c u 
Florentine Period, Aeolian' 
Vocalion. Developed in 
walnut with polychrome, 
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M y Vocalion has a mysterious, 
absorbing little device called the 
Graduola. 
“Without it the Vocalion is a 
phonograph, the finest I have ever 
heard, to be sure, and certainly the 
best looking— 
“But with the Graduola, I can play 
the violin as though I grasped the bow 
in my hand. I can sing, I can sway 
the music of a whole orchestra ! It 
lends to one’s imagination the very 
wings of melody and rhythm I ” ' 
Period Vocalions in Upright and Console 
Models. Prices from $150 
Convenient Terms 
TAe AEOLIAN COMPANY 
NEW YORK LONDON PARIS MADRID 
MELBOURNE SYDNEY 
THE CHOICE «««' PRUNING of GRAPES 
(Continuedfrom page 102 ) 
grape, but Worden is much better for 
home use. It is of excellent quality but a 
poor shipper; both are black grapes. 
Moore Early ripens ahead of Concord, but 
is neither as productive nor of as good 
quality as Concord. Campbell Early is a 
better grape but is fastidious as to soil. 
Barry is excellent and Herbert worthy of 
trial. Catawba is the standard red grape 
and Delaware is the highest in quality. 
Gaerlncr and Salem are both excellent. 
Winchell is an excellent early green grape. 
It is followed by Diamond and Empire 
State. Niagara is the standard com¬ 
mercial green grape. Goethe is an excellent 
red table grape where the growing season 
is longer than, say, New York. Iona is in 
the same class, while for more northern 
regions, where hardiness is the prime 
requisite, Janesville, Jessica, Jewell, Ken¬ 
sington and Lady are worthy of trial. 
Among leading varieties in the northern 
portion of the Southern States may be 
mentioned Catawba, Concord, Delaware, 
Diamond, Niagara, Norton, Worden. For 
east of Texas and south of Tennessee, 
Brightoti, Concord, Delaware, Diana, 
Goethe, Cynthiana (a red wine grape), 
Herbemont which occupies the same posi¬ 
tion in this territory that Concord does 
farther north; fruit red-black and useful 
for table or wine. Norton and Worden are 
the leading red-wine grapes in eastern 
America. 
In the Southwestern section, west of 
the ninety-sixth meridian, the principal 
varieties are Herbemont, Lenoir, Niagara, 
Golden Chasselas, Malaga and other 
European grapes in western Texas under 
irrigation. 
In the southern portion of Texas many 
of the European grapes may be grown, as 
Flame Tokay, Malaga, Muscat of Alex¬ 
andria, Cornichon, Black Morocco and 
others. 
In California the wine grapes grown 
include Zinfandel in Napa and Sonora 
Counties; Petite Syrah, Alicante Bouschet 
in Carignarre and Mataro; and in South¬ 
ern California the Bltic Ebling. Others 
are Barbea, Burger, Palomino, Fehcr 
Szagos, and among the highest quality 
varieties are the Rieslings— Johannesburg, 
Franken and Gray in the cool climates, 
while Colombar and Semilion are better 
suited to warmer regions. 
In table grapes Chasselas Dore, Flame 
Tokay, Malaga, Muscat of Alexandria, 
Palomino and Sultanina, with Emperor, a 
late red; Cornichon, a late black; Black 
Morocco, Gros Colman, dark blue; while 
Black Morocco, Blue Portuguese and 
Balino are commercially profitable. 
PLANTING METHODS 
In the northeastern portion of the United 
States a common distance is lo' by lo', 
although some plant in rows 9' ivide and 
the plants 8' apart in the row. 
In the Southern States the distance 
apart is usually greater, the rows being 
usually about 8' apart and such weak 
growers as Delaware, Elvira and Gold 
Coin are planted 8' apart in the row; 
stronger growers as Concord and Carman 
are given 10'; Herbemont, Laussel and 
other strong growers are given 12' to 16', 
while the Scuppernong group, the great 
wine grape family of the Southern States, 
may be given 12' by 12' up to even 20' 
and 30' in rows 15' wide. 
In growing European grapes in Cali¬ 
fornia and the East the rows vary from 
s' to 12' and the plants from 3' to 10' 
apart in the rows. On the Pacific Coast 
these grapes may be grown as individuals 
without any support or they may be tied 
to a stake and some are grown on a trellis. 
East of the Rockies grapes are grown 
on a trellis of two or three wires on 8' 
posts sunk 2' in the ground. 
The grape is pruned more than almost 
any other fruit. In the East, when planted, 
the young vines are cut back to three buds 
and the second year almost as much; after 
that they are staked and training begins. 
The system of training is such that each 
vine shall carry about twentj-four to 
forty fruiting buds each year and all 
other wood is removed annually. This 
pruning is given to restrict the number of 
bunches the plant may bear, to increase 
their she and that of the berries and to 
facilitate cultivation and admit sunlight. 
The latter is one of the main reasons 
for growing the grapes on a trellis, 
so that the sun may reach the leaves 
and fruits. 
PRUNING SYSTEMS 
In the Chautauqua or Upright System 
we have a trunk and two arms each of 
which bears two fruiting canes which are 
trained in an upright position. The canes 
are renewed annually’; the side arms 
every’ few years. 
In the Kniffen or Drooping Sy'stem the 
trunk is carried to the top wire and the 
side arms of the previous year’s growth, 
bearing eight to ten buds each, are allowed 
to develop in both directions on each 
wire. These side arms are renew’ed an¬ 
nually'. There are modifications of this 
system—a one-arm Knillen in w hich the 
upper arms only are left, and the two- 
arm in which both wires are used, and the 
Umbrella System used in the South. 
European grapes in the East are usually 
planted 6' by 6'. Two wires are used, the 
lower 28" to 30" from the ground, the 
upper 54" to 58". The arms are trained 
on the lower wire and the new' shoots 
which bear the fruit and foliage are 
trained to the top wire. The trunk must 
be renewed from time to time, otherwise 
it gets too brittle to bend down, and win ter 
protection is necessary. This is usually 
given by bending the vine down and 
covering with soil. 
In the culture of European grapes in 
California three systems are in use, known 
as the Head, Cane and Cordon. In head 
pruning the plant is grown like a small 
tree with a trunk ipi' to 3^' tall. It is 
staked for four or five y'ears until it can 
hold itself erect. It bears four to eight 
arms each 6" to 16" long, each of which 
carries one or tw'o fruit spurs of one, 
two or three buds length. This is the most 
common system. 
In cane pruning the trunk is grown as 
before and bears four arms, each 6" to 
12" long. .4 fruiting cane bearing ten to 
twenty buds is left on the end of each arm 
and below this is left a renewal spur of 
one or two buds w'hich is to furnish the 
cane for the next year. This system 
requires a single wdre trellis about 30" 
to 40" from the ground. It is used for such 
varieties as Sultanina, Sultana, Black 
Corinth, Concord, Catawba and other 
Eastern grapes. 
In cordon pruning we have a long and 
slender trunk, often 10' long trained 
about 30" from the ground on a single 
w'ire. It carries upright arms 4" to 
12" long at intervals of 8" to 12" and the 
fruiting spurs are borne on these. It is 
used for several table grapes, such as 
Emperor, Cornichon and other vigorous 
large fruited varieties. It needs a single 
wire trellis. 
It frequently pays to thin the fruits on 
the bunches of European grapes, it im¬ 
proves the bunch and increases the size of 
the fruit. It also pays to summer prune, 
removing surplus growth before it gets 
woody, to admit sunlight to that w'hich is 
left. Thorough spray'ing and tillage and, 
in some places, the use of fertilizers or 
manure, wall be necessary for the best 
results. 
