122 SERVICES OE TWO RUSSIAN MOUNTAIN BATTERIES. 
In both countries the guns were put in draught wherever possible, 
to obviate the employment of a relief line of mules. By Russia, the 
two horses 'of the carriage and wheels were harnessed into a shaft 
attachment to the trail, tandem fashion ; and by Turkey, one mule was 
harnessed into a shaft attachment somewhat similar to that of the 
Russian Mountain Artillery. In India it is necessary to maintain a 
relief line of pack mules, and any arrangement for draught is unneces¬ 
sary ; but it has been found advisable to adopt a form of draught for 
use as a relief to top-loaded mules on the line of march on a level road 
and for short movements in action, for our Imperial batteries. Much 
consideration has been given lately by France to the subject, and she 
has finally adopted such a system for her batteries “ de circonstances 33 
for service in the Alps or other mountainous districts in France, and 
for her Mountain Batteries in Algeria and Tonkin, of course dispensing 
with a relief line of mules altogether. The Turkish mules, especially 
those of the Armenian Batteries were of a very fine stamp. The latter 
batteries performed excellent service, notably in the successful repulse 
of the Russians at the attack on the Zewin Plateau in Armenia; but 
the services of the Turkish Mountain Batteries in Europe, even in the 
Shipka, were feeble in the extreme, and call for no comment. 
Sketch Map of Operations. 
Scale, T3no 1 ,!)00. 
