The advance is by rushes either of the whole line or bv portions of the same. 
The last tiring position from which the attack is prepared by tire is from 300-150 
paces from the enemy. From this point the attack is with the bayonet. Beserves 
advance over open ground in line with open tiles. When the shooting line is in 
its last position (300-150) the reserves may not be further than 200 paces in 
rear of it. The reinforcement of the shooting line is carried out before advanc¬ 
ing to the attack, at 800 paces from the enemy. 
AUSTBIA. 
The Superior Commander draws up a plan of combat. The offensive must 
always be taken. If possible the attack must be enveloping, and only frontal 
when a surprise or approach under cover is possible, or if any other direction for 
the attack is not available. 
Under the protection of a preparatory fight follows the development of the 
main body next to the advancing line ; later on the main body is pushed forward 
to those points from which the attack proper will commence, and at the decisive 
advance moves direct forward. 
The principle is to arrive quickly as near as possible to the enemy. At long 
rifle range, 2000-1000 paces, the advance is by the whole line. At medium 
ranges, 1000-500 paces, simultaneous rushes by whole companies ; from 500 
paces is carried out the decisive attack, after previous shattering of the enemy 
by fire. There must be a constant pressing forward everywhere. The order 
for the attack will, as a rule, come from the Supreme Commander (< Signal-Storm ), 
but the impulse for it may be given from the shooting line. At the moment 
before the decisive attack is made ( Beim Abbruch des G-efedits vor der Entsdieidung) 
the reserves are to be sent back to take up on the flank a rallying position, but 
only there where obstinate resistance is intended. 
FRANCE. 
The attack alone can obtain decisive results. 
Formations for the advance are to be chosen suited to the ground, and screened 
from the enemy’s view. No premature deployment; only when the enemy’s fire 
renders it necessary will a shooting line be extended, sufficing for the opening of 
the fight. If the hostile fire is opened, fire will be opened in reply at 700 
metres, otherwise as near the enemy as possible. The further advance follows 
from position to position, the intermixture of commands being avoided; the 
supports come up on the flanks and in the intervals. The supports gradually 
near the shooting line. As soon as fire reinforcements are necessary half-sections 
or sections are sent forward in the intervals or on the flanks. This insertion of 
reinforcements gives the impulse to a further advance. 
When the advance has arrived at 400 metres, the action is carried on with the 
aid of the reserves, the advance being by 50 metre rushes of companies or in 
echelon. Those shooters left in rear may not fire if there is not interval available. 
At 250-200 metres bayonets are fixed. The shooters increase the fire and direct 
it on to the point to be assaulted. The advance of the reserve to the assault is 
the signal for the storming, if the enemy has not yet given way. To the “ storm 
pace ” soon succeeds the “ double,” with the cry “ en avant ci la baionnette ” all 
throw themselves on the enemy. This is conducted with the greatest energy. 
The pursuit is carried on by fire. In case of failure of the attack, company 
leaders rally their companies quickly and endeavour to renew the attack, for the 
advance is always preferable to the destructive retreat. 
COMPARISON. 
In all four the attack is in three parts. The Russian primary division is of 
two, but the attack portion subsequently becomes two, making three, 
