Wernham, The Systematic Anatomy of the genus Canephora. 468 
The parenchyma is generally rather thick-walled. The pali- 
sade tissue consists of ahout three layers, the upper of cells elon- 
gated perpendicularly to the surface, the lower of one to two layers 
of closely packed square cells. 
Tannin is especially abundant in the palisade tissue. The 
“spongy“ parenchyma comprises ' rather large cells, which appear 
flattened parallel to the surface. Tannin occurs in thisregion, but 
not so abundantly as in the ventral portion of the leaf. Calcium 
oxalate occurs chiefly in the upper layers of the spongy tissue; it 
takes the form principally of small aggregations of crystal-sand, 
but a few minute cluster-crystals are to be seen. 
The upper epidermis is of rather large thick-walled brick-like 
cells with extremely thick cuticle, the inner surface of which is 
corrugated into irregulär folds. There appear to be no stomata 
upon the ventral surface. The lower epidermis differs from the 
upper in consisting of smaller, flatter cells, with cuticle less strongly 
developed. A few stomata are visible. The guard-cells are relatively 
large and are not at all sunk: each is associated with a spheroidal 
- Fig. 7. Canephora madagascariensis. Diagramm of transverse section taken 
near the middle of the inflorescence peduncle. 
F.s. fibrous sheatli; f. b. fibrous Strands; other signs as in Fig. 3. 
auxiliary cell with rather strongly lignified walls. The stomata, we 
shall find, are characteristic for each of the three species under 
description. 
III. Peduncle. The shape of the transverse section, shown 
in Fig. 7, offers a certain Suggestion of dorsiventrality, although 
the organ in question presents its edge to the mother axis, at least 
so far as can be judged from the dried and pressed material; one 
surface of the swollen central portion is comparatively even, and 
the other folded and irregulär. This Suggestion, we shall see, is 
borne out to some extent by the internal structure. 
The most conspicuous feature in the section is the flattened 
vascular bündle which traverses the central region. The bulk of 
this bündle consists of a wood-band, completely closed, the breadth 
being occupied by three or four xylem elements arranged in a more 
or less regulär radial manner. The narrow space enclosed by this 
band is filled with large, rather thin-walled parenchyma, containing 
a certain araount of tannin, but no calcium oxalate. 
Externally the xylem is surrounded by a practically continuous 
