82 
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rsreggsy __ 
c An Indiana Limestone sidence 
"Home is a resort 
Of love, of joy, of peace and plenty; where 
Supporting and supported, polished friends 
And dear relations mingle into bliss.” 
— Thompson. 
S OME da y you will build a home in which 
your love of the beautiful in architecture, 
and your ideals of charming interior dec¬ 
oration will find their fullest expression. 
And around it you will plant a garden, filled 
with a riot of flowers and box hedges and trees 
that bring one so close to nature, and make of 
one’s home a real sanctuary. 
But to carry your plans to fruition, the home 
should be built of beautiful Indiana Limestone, 
which has not the cold, hard look and character¬ 
istics of ordinary building stone, but possesses a 
warmth of tone and a velvety texture that at once 
places it in a distinct class by itself. 
And whether you contemplate building an im¬ 
posing country house or a little English cottage 
just filled with love and pretty things and books, 
with a wide fireplace and the cheerful glow of 
crackling logs, it can best be built of Indiana 
Limestone. 
For the cost of Indiana Limestone houses is 
not higher than of those built of any other per¬ 
manent material. And they are so much more 
beautiful, with a beauty that endures and grows 
more mellow through the passage of the centuries. 
Our ‘Booklet, "‘Designs for Houses Built 
of Indiana Limestone, ” -wilt be mailed to 
you on request. 
INDIANA LIMESTONE QUARRYMEN’S ASSOCIATION 
Box 782 Bedford, Indiana 
METROPOLITAN SERVICE BUREAU, 489 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY 
... 
. . ... . ...riniit . I ... I .I.mum,. . 
House & Garden 
Raspberry Notes from the Department 
of Agriculture 
(Continued from page 64) 
his soil, not only during the growing 
and ripening of the fruit but also while 
the canes are developing. Some growers 
make it a regular practice each year to 
mulch their fields to a depth of several 
inches with straw, leaves, or green hay. 
When this practice is followed, the cost 
is great but the moisture supply is re¬ 
tained well. 
In the humid sections of the Eastern 
States, irrigation should be used chiefly 
or entirely during the growth and ripen¬ 
ing of the fruit and will pay only when 
an ample moisture supply can not be 
maintained by tillage. As the raspberry 
ripens its crop during the summer when 
droughts are likely to occur, some grow¬ 
ers have found irrigation profitable. 
Systems of Training and Pruning 
The best system of training and prun¬ 
ing the different types of raspberries de¬ 
pends largely upon their manner of 
growth. All types send up shoots called 
“turions” from the leader buds which 
usually are formed at the base of the 
old canes. Sometimes only one such 
bud is produced on each cane, but usu¬ 
ally at least two are formed, and some¬ 
times three or more appear. Thus, if 
two canes grew the first year after 
planting and each produced two buds, 
four canes would appear the second 
year, eight canes would be formed the 
third year, and by the fourth year there 
would be 16 canes. However, some of 
the buds do not start and many of 
those that do start make weak canes, 
so that when plants are in bearing about 
the same number of strong canes are 
produced the first year after the plan¬ 
tation comes into full bearing as dur¬ 
ing each of the following years. 
The new shoots of all types of rasp¬ 
berries complete their development in 
size the first season. The second sea¬ 
son small side branches are sent out on 
which the fruit is borne. As soon as 
the berries ripen the cane dies and is 
cut out. Thus the canes are biennial, 
that is, they live for part of two years; 
and the roots are perennial, living for 
many years. A few varieties of red 
raspberries, among which is the Ranere, 
bear fruit on the tips of the new canes 
in the summer and autumn of their first 
year of growth. Such tips die back, 
and the parts of the cane which have 
not fruited bear the following summer. 
In addition to producing canes from 
the leader buds, red raspberries send 
up shoots called “suckers” from their 
roots, but the black and purple va¬ 
rieties do not send up suckers. Some va¬ 
rieties of red raspberries produce suck¬ 
ers in large numbers; others produce 
few. Deep cultivating may cut the roots 
of the red raspberry and cause an in¬ 
crease in the production of suckers. 
Therefore, if some system of training 
were not used a red raspberry field 
would soon become a dense thicket of 
canes, each competing with others for 
food, moisture, and light, and the ber¬ 
ries could be picked only with difficulty. 
Because of this the methods of pruning 
and training of red raspberries differ 
trom those employed with the black 
and purple types. 
The system of training and pruning 
varies not only with the type of rasp¬ 
berry , but also with the vigor and na¬ 
ture of the variety, with climatic con¬ 
ditions, with the cost of materials, and 
with the preference of the grower. 
Thus, the Ranere red raspberry makes a 
dense growth of comparatively slender 
canes, while others, like the Marlboro 
and Ruby, make fewer canes, which are 
much stouter and more erect. The 
Ranere is not a tall-growing variety, but 
the Cuthbert canes grow very tall. Va¬ 
rieties of the black and purple types do 
not show such great differences in 
growth as the red sorts. 
Under the conditions which are found 
in New England, canes of the Marl¬ 
boro red raspberry usually grow from 
3 to 5 feet high, yet in Washington and 
Oregon they may grow to a height of 
10 to 14 feet. Similar differences occur 
when other varieties are grown in such 
sections and make it necessary to use 
training and pruning systems especially 
adapted to local conditions. 
Where the canes are stout and from 
3 to S feet tall, growers often allow a 
solid row or hedge 2 to 3 feet wide to 
form. This system is very common 
over all the eastern United States and 
is adapted to such short-caned varieties 
as the King, Marlboro, Herbert, and 
Ruby. A modification of this system 
is used extensively in New Jersey in 
growing the Ranere. The canes of the 
Ranere are comparatively slender, and 
in early spring growers cut the tops 
back with hedge shears so that they 
can support the crop in an erect posi¬ 
tion. Sometimes the Cuthbert also is 
grown under this system. 
The hedge system is modified further 
in some sections where the canes grow 
taller or are not stout enough to hold 
the fruit in an erect position. Under 
such conditions a “horizontal trellis” is 
made when the plantation is 1 year old 
by stringing two wires along each end 
of crosspieces which are attached to 
posts set every IS to 30 feet in the rows. 
The wires support the canes, so that 
they are not broken by pickers or by 
those doing the cultivating. No pruning 
back in done. 
The best form of the hedge system 
for most sections is that called the nar¬ 
row hedge system. Suckers are allowed 
to grow up only in the rows between 
the plants originally set, and all others 
are kept out. The rows then will be 
about 12 inches wide, and a large part 
of the tillage can be done with a culti¬ 
vator. Wire trellises are used with this. 
Removing Old Canes and Thin¬ 
ning New Ones 
In nearly all sections, under all sys¬ 
tems of training, the fruiting canes 
should be removed as soon as the crop 
has been harvested. If this is done the 
young canes have more room in which 
to develop and will have more sun¬ 
light. Also it is supposed that by the 
removal and burning of the old canes 
on which may be insects and diseases, 
the plantation will be kept in a healthier 
condition. 
At the same time that the old canes 
are cut out the young canes and su ' 
should be thinned. Where red rasp¬ 
berries are kept in hills, all suckers an«H 
all the weaker new shoots should be 
removed. Ordinarily 5 to 7 strong 
vigorous canes should be left, bur as 
high as 8 or 9 canes may be safely IlK 
in vigorous hills where the plants are 
set 5 feet apart each way. In the irri¬ 
gated sections of Colorado, however, it 
is considered best to leave 8 to 12 canes 
per hill of the Marlboro variety. The 
Ranere in New Jersey makes a large 
number of small canes, and as many as 
10 or 12 may be left to each hill. Some¬ 
times, in order to secure a large crop 
on the new canes of the Ranere in late 
summer, all canes are cut off at the 
ground in early spring and the strength 
required to mature an early crop forced 
into cane production. Four or five canes 
per hill of the black and purple rasp¬ 
berries should be left under all systems. 
When the hedge system is used the 
canes should be thinned so that they are 
not closer together than 8 inches. When 
several canes appear from the same 
crown, the more vigorous should be left. 
