March, 1918 
57 
Name 
Identification 
Effect on Plants 
Causes 
Plants Attacked 
Prcvcntatwcs 
Cure, if Any 
APHIS, GREEN 
FLY OR BLACK 
FLY . 
Small insects found 
in large numbers 
on the under side 
of foliage and ter¬ 
minal growth. 
They drain the sap, 
and when present 
in numbers check 
the plants’ growth. 
Too much shade, im¬ 
poverished soil or 
extreme' dryness. 
Few plants are im¬ 
mune. 
Occasional sprayings 
with liquid tobacco 
or kerosene r prcp- 
aration. Keen 
plants well watered. 
Spraying with great 
force of water; 
dusting with tobac¬ 
co dust; spraying 
with tobacco or 
kerosene p r e para- 
tion. 
MAPLE LEAF 
SCALE . 
A tiny green aphis 
that attacks maples 
in hordes during 
dry weather. 
Not fatal, but will 
tell on the tree in 
time. 
Comes only in dry 
weather. 
Confines itself to 
m a p 1 es, especially 
the Norway. 
Water sprayed forci¬ 
bly on the under 
side of foliage dur¬ 
ing dry spells. 
Spray on three suc¬ 
cessive days with 
strong tobacco or 
kero sene prepara¬ 
tion. 
MEALY BUG. 
Soft bodied insect, 
covered with a cot¬ 
tony substance. On 
under side of fol¬ 
iage and stems. 
If unmolested they 
will breed rapidly 
and cover the 
plants. Not fatal, 
but undesirable. 
A hot, dry atmo¬ 
sphere. Generally a 
greenhouse pest. 
House plants and 
greenhouse plants, 
soft wooded out¬ 
door plants. 
Spray with clear wa¬ 
ter during' dry 
weather; occasional 
sprayings with to¬ 
bacco solution. 
Sponge house plants; 
greenhouse p 1 a nts 
can be sprayed with 
strong water pres¬ 
sure; tobacco solu¬ 
tion for outdoor 
plants. 
RED SPIDER. 
Myriads of tiny red 
spots on the under 
side of foliage. 
The foliage will soon 
turn yellow a n d 
fall. 
Too hot and dry an 
atmosphere. 
All house plants, 
greenhouse plan ts 
and soft wooded 
plants outdoors. 
Sprayings with clear 
water in the eve¬ 
ning during dry 
weather. 
Forcibly spraying the 
under side of the 
foliage several times 
a day with water. 
T1IRIPS . 
Small brown and 
black pests resem¬ 
bling grease on the 
stems and foliage. 
They puncture the 
bark and weaken 
the plant by drain¬ 
ing the sap. 
Poor soil or extreme¬ 
ly hot, dry weather. 
More prevalent in the 
greenhouse and on 
all decorative house 
plants. 
Plants subject to at¬ 
tack should l>c 
sprayed m o n t h ly 
with a mild insecti¬ 
cide. 
Dipping infected 
plants in an insecti¬ 
cide. Sponge house 
plants with soap 
and water. 
WHITE FLY. 
Small white flies that 
cover the foliage 
with a waxy sun- 
stance. 
Infested plants soon 
turn yellow from 
loss of sap. 
A dry weather vis¬ 
itor. 
Any soft f o ii a g e 
plant; tomatoes and 
heans arc favorites. 
Spraying with tobac¬ 
co or kerosene 
preparation on un¬ 
der side of foliage. 
Fumigating with hy¬ 
drocyanic gas is the 
only cure. 
APHIS and SIMILAR 
PESTS 
Destroyed by Contact Sprays 
r I v HESE insects are hard to eradi¬ 
cate. They gather in numbers on 
the under side of the foliage, along 
the succulent young sterns and on the 
terminal growth. The spray must actu¬ 
ally come in contact with them to ac¬ 
complish its purpose. Sprayings should 
cover a period of several days. 
Kerosene in emulsion, tobacco extracts 
and fish oil soaps are the remedies. The 
first is made by dissolving one-half 
pound of soap in one gallon of water, 
adding two gallons of kerosene, heating, 
and when near the boiling point churn¬ 
ing until the mixture is perfect. Dilute 
one part to fifteen parts of water for 
spraying. Tobacco sprays come con¬ 
veniently packed with full instructions. 
Soap has long been considered a good 
insecticide for aphis—half a bar of 
good laundry soap dissolved in a pail 
of water. 
The cutworm and the large 
white grub cut young plants 
off clean 
Peaches and plums are sub¬ 
ject to leaf curl. Spray with 
Bordeaux 
PARASITES and EUNGI 
Fought With Repellants 
D ISEASES such as blight, rust, etc., 
are the result of parasitical ene¬ 
mies and must be fought with 
repellants such as Bordeaux mixture, 
which forms a thin protective copper 
coating on the foliage. Bordeaux mix¬ 
ture is easy to mix, or it can be bought 
in prepared form. The formula for it 
is three pounds copper sulphate, four 
pounds quicklime, and fifty gallons of 
water. The ingredients are dissolved 
separately and poured together simul¬ 
taneously through a strainer of some 
kind. The mixture is then ready 
for use. Bordeaux mixture is a pre¬ 
ventative, not a cure-all. It will often 
prevent the spread of outbreaks’ after 
they have started, but should be consid¬ 
ered primarily as a preventative. In 
orchard spraying and also with potatoes, 
Bordeaux mixture is combined with the 
arsenate sprays. 
(Continued on page 76) 
Name 
APPLE SCAB. 
BLIGHT . 
FIRE BLIGHT. 
FRUIT ROT, BLACK 
ROT, BITTER 
ROT, BROWN 
ROT. 
LEAF CURL. 
MILDEW . 
RUST . 
STEM ROT. 
YELLOWS . 
Identification 
Brown blotches on the 
fruit and leaves of 
apples. 
This disease causes 
the foliage to turn 
brown suddenly and 
die. 
Limbs of trees sud¬ 
denly turning black, 
while other parts 
are perfectly 
healthy. 
The fruit shows spots 
which increase in 
size and cause pre¬ 
mature falling. 
The foliage curls, 
turns Drown and 
falls. 
A white, powdery 
substance coat ing 
the foliage. 
Causes sharp ribs of a 
rusty brown ap¬ 
pearance on stems 
and foliage. 
Plants wilt down 
during the day and 
show discoloration 
at ground line. 
Spotted fruit; yel¬ 
low, tufty growth 
on inner branches. 
Effect on Plants 
Spoils the fruit at¬ 
tacked and weakens 
the tree. 
Whole shoots are af¬ 
fected. Spreads 
very rapidly. 
This parasite destroys 
the bark and in¬ 
fection follows over 
the entire tree. 
Often causes the loss 
of entire fruit 
crops. 
Not fatal, but affects 
constitu tion of 
plant. 
Will kill leaf tissues 
and the leaves will 
curl and drop. 
Not fatal, but will 
cause infected foli¬ 
age to fall. 
Fatal in a very short 
time, as the rot will 
encircle the stem. 
This disease is fatal 
and contagious. 
Causes 
Poor growing condi¬ 
tion. 
Bad weather condi¬ 
tions, impoverished 
soils, improper cul¬ 
tivation. 
Poor growing condi¬ 
tions are a factor. 
Improper p r u n i n g, 
poor cultivation, 
impoverished soils. 
Little known about 
cause. Most pre¬ 
valent in neglected 
orchards. 
Sudden changes in 
the atmosphere; 
poor growing condi¬ 
tions. 
Impoverished soil, un- 
nrained situ ation, 
lack of proper cul¬ 
tivation. 
Excess of moisture 
around stefn; cov¬ 
ering too deeply; ' 
hot manure in con¬ 
tact with stem. 
Not enough is known 
to determine t h e 
cause. 
Plants Attacked 
All varieties of ap¬ 
ples and other hard 
skinned fruit. 
All garden crops, but 
especially cucum¬ 
bers, musk melons, 
pumpkins, etc. 
All kinds of trees, but 
particularly small 
sized fruit trees. 
Plums are the great¬ 
est victims, but all 
fruits suffer. 
Peaches and plums. 
Few plants are im¬ 
mune. 
Celery, tomatoes, 
string beans, mel¬ 
ons, cucumbers, etc. 
Sappy, pithy plants 
such as cucumbers, 
melons, squash, 
pumpkins, etc. 
Peaches are the 
most often at¬ 
tacked. 
Preventatives 
Spraying with Bor¬ 
deaux every three 
or four weeks dur¬ 
ing growing season. 
Keeping the foliage 
coated with Bor¬ 
deaux mixture. 
Good tillage, keeping 
the trees pruned 
out to admit sun¬ 
light and air. 
Spraying with Bor¬ 
deaux and arsenate 
of lead as fruit 
forms and every 
three weeks there¬ 
after. 
Proper pruning; good 
cultivation. 
Constant cultivation, 
especially d u r i n g 
excessive r a i nfall. 
Spraying with 
Bordeaux. 
Spraying with Bor¬ 
deaux every three 
weeks; good culti¬ 
vation and rich soil. 
Keeping the soil away 
from the stem} 
good cultivation. 
Good growing condi¬ 
tions; proper prun¬ 
ing; good cultiva¬ 
tion. 
Cure, if Any 
Remove and destroy 
scabby fruit; scrape 
bark when dor¬ 
mant; spray with 
Bordeaux. 
Pick off and destroy 
infected leaves. 
Spray with Bor¬ 
deaux. 
Infected branches 
should be removed 
6" below the dis¬ 
colored bark. 
Destroy all infected 
fruits, removing 
any m u m m i f i eu 
fruit during winter. 
Spray frequently. 
Shake off and de¬ 
stroy infected 
leaves. Spray trees 
with Bordeaux. 
Flowers of sulphur 
dusted on the in¬ 
fected foliage. 
Infected leaves should 
be picked off and 
burned. 
A mixture of air 
slacked lime and 
powdered charcoal 
around the stem. 
Shake off and de¬ 
stroy infected 
leaves. Spray with 
Bordeaux. 
