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64 
House & Garden 
To Get the Comfort 
You Want You Must 
Remember this Fact: 
Monarch Keeps Out 40% 
More Cold Air than Any 
Other Weather Strip 
The Floating Contact 
The exclusive Monarch floating contact provides a 
constant weather-proof fit of windows, doors and 
transoms, regardless of any swelling, shrinking 
or warping of the wood to which the strips are 
attached. No other strip follows the wood and 
keeps the contact over the crack constant and 
even. 
The Easy Sliding 
With Monarch Strips, windows, doors and transoms are 
made to open and close without the slightest sticking 
or binding. The metal tube within a metal tube, a further 
distinction from strips which fit in a wooden groove, 
makes double-hung windows slide like *hey had ball 
bearings. 
Factory Fitted 
Monarch Strips are easily, quickly and economically 
installed, because they are fitted in the factory ready 
for attachment. 
Tests By Experts 
An illustration of the ex¬ 
clusive Monarch tube with¬ 
in a tube. The metal 
tube on the sash fits over 
the metal tube on the 
(iame. Friction'ess and 
weather proof contact be¬ 
tween them floats and is 
kept constant, regardless 
of any swelling or shrink¬ 
ing of wood parts of the 
window, because of the 
flexible construction of 
the strip on the frame. 
Test after test by foremost building 
engineers have proved the fact that 
Monarch Strips keep out 40% more 
cold air than any other weather 
strips. Any Monarch dealer can 
demonstrate this 40% extra effi¬ 
ciency to you. The result is the 
comfort you want, a comfort that 
means more healthful living quar¬ 
ters and that is attained at a sav¬ 
ing of approximately one-fourth in 
your coal bill. 
Look up Monarch in the telephone 
book. If you shouldn’t find it, 
write direct to the factory, and 
we’ll mail you full information. 
MONARCH METAL PRODUCTS CO. 
5000 Penrose St., St. Louis, U. S. A. 
Canadian Branch: King Construction Com¬ 
pany, Ltd., 40 Dover Court Road, 
Toronto, Canada. 
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MONARCH 
METAL WEATHER STRIPS 
The livery cupboard was really used to store 
bread and wines for immediate consumption. 
This example is English oak from about 1600 
Cupboards of Olden Times 
(Continued from page 29) 
of gaining access to the under chest was 
inconvenient, doors common to both 
compartments suggested themselves. At 
first the woodwork was severely plain 
and without ornament. Locks and iron 
clasps secured the contents. Such cup¬ 
boards maintained through the 14th 
Century. 
While the chest, from which the cup¬ 
board evolved, was decoratively treated 
by the Italians, as their painted cassones 
show, Italian cupboards remained un¬ 
decorated through the same period that 
found the Italian chest receiving elabora¬ 
tion. In the Northern country, however, 
cupboards as well as chests received 
painted decoration. 
Throughout the history of the evolu¬ 
tion of the cupboard it has exhibited the 
influence of the architectural styles and 
taste contemporary with its production. 
But one must note this fact: that cup¬ 
boards for domestic use were made by 
secular craftsmen, while monastic 
craftsmen probably produced all the 
early ecclesiastical cupboards, wherefore 
there is evident two somewhat distinct 
sorts through the earlier periods. 
One authority tells us that a cupboard 
is a “fixed or movable closet usually 
with shelves, a descendant of the cre¬ 
dence, or buffet, whose characteristic was 
a series of open shelves for reception of 
drinking vessels and table requisites.” 
The mediaeval credence was a combina¬ 
tion of table and cupboard. In the 15th 
Century it was an article of domestic 
furniture and not for ecclesiastical use as 
many suppose. Probably not a single 
15th Century English-made credence has 
survived Time’s vicissitudes. These early 
credences were, undoubtedly, the fore¬ 
bears of the buffet and the sideboard, 
both of which articles must therefore be 
regarded as cousins to the cupboard. 
Those mediaeval cupboards of Gothic 
design having pierced woodwork tracer¬ 
ies, were used for the storage of food 
and were called Almeries or Dole Cup¬ 
boards. In Mallory’s “Morte d'Arthur” 
we are told of books being placed in the 
Almeries at Salisbury and here we dis¬ 
cover the bookcase’s debt to the cup¬ 
board. 
In reference to the use of the word 
armoire to designate cupboards, it is 
reasonable to suppose that in the days of 
old when knights were bold, their beau¬ 
tifully wrought suits of armour and har¬ 
ness were required to be near at hand. 
There was no relegating them to dingy 
attics when not in use, for there was no 
telling when a knight might be called 
upon to don his armour and sally forth. 
Again the armour and harness did not 
lend itself to being hung upon a peg, and 
it required protection from dampness in 
order that it might be kept from rusting. 
So it is that a cupboard was devised for 
the armour and harness and naturally 
the name armoire was given to such a 
cupboard, a name which, in France, 
clung to all sorts of cupboards after¬ 
wards. These 15th Century armoires 
are rarely to be seen although a number 
of them are to be found in the great 
museums of the world, notably those in 
the Victoria and Albert Museum in Lon¬ 
don, the Louvre, at Bayeux, at Noyon, 
at Munich and in the choir stalls of 
Amiens Cathedral the carving shows 
such armoires in miniature. 
In the time of Queen Elizabeth there 
came a modification of the armoire, 
which was called a court cupboard. This 
was not a cupboard for hanging, as was 
the armoire. The word court was equiv¬ 
alent to “short,” and was so used up 
to the Stuart period. The court cup- 
(Continued on page 66) 
An oak cup¬ 
board from 
\lth Century 
E n g land. 
This and the 
other photo¬ 
graphs are 
by courtesy 
of the Met- 
ropolitan 
Museum 
