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JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
[Vol. 16 
to lay eggs in the semolina. In addition to this it was found that the 
larvae could not develop in granules like those of semolina even when 
experimentally placed in such a situation. 
The Process of Manufacturing Macaroni 
A macaroni press of the ordinary hydraulic type was used in these 
experiments and the pressure was set to remain between 1,000 and 3,000 
pounds per square inch. The factor of pressure as it is concerned in this 
case is not one of a uniform distribution through the dough. Since only 
a small percent of the area of the die is perforated, the majority of the 
dough can not move directly down the cylinder and thru the perforations 
but must move to the side to be crowded thru the opening. This 
surging about in the press and readjusting is doubtless the most severe 
part of the process. 
The first experiment was performed on February 17th, 1922, 3 days 
after the semolina was milled. During the time between the milling 
and making the macaroni the semolina was kept at a temperature of 
about 75° F. The dough was mixed in an ordinary dough mixer. The 
temperature of the water used was 145° F and after 10 minutes mixing 
the temperature of the dough was 102° F. 
The dough was then kneaded, rolled and pressed. Samples were 
taken after each operation for examination. In one lot the eggs of the 
confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) were placed in the dough 
just before it was.put into the press to determine what effect the pressure 
would have on these eggs. It was not possible to use the eggs of the 
granary weevil in this case because they were difficult to obtain free 
from the wheat. The eggs of the confused flour beetle as described 
and figured by Chapman, 1918, are of more regular shape than those of 
the weevil and consequently should withstand greater pressure. Teich- 
mann and Andres describe and figure the egg of the Calendra gran aria 
as regularly ovid. Cotton described the eggs of Calendra oryzae as 
varying from ovid to pear-shaped conforming to the shape of the 
cavity. Hinds and Hunter figure photographs of the eggs of this species 
showing the general ovid shape. The examination of the eggs of 
Calendra granaria has shown that they vary in shape much like those of 
1. Egg of Calendra granaria compared with semolina granules. Egg indicated 
by arrow. 
2. Intact eggs of Tribolium confusum compared with eggs which have passed 
thru a macaroni press. Intact eggs at the left and crushed eggs at the right. 
3. Macaroni containing parts of Tribolium confusum which were crushed in the 
press. Intact beetles are shown at the left. 
