516 
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
[Vol. 16 
instance five Aphycus pupae were removed from the body of an adult 
black scale and three Scutellista pupae were taken from the egg cavity. 
Bibliography 
Howard, L. O. On some new parasitic insects of the subfamily Encyrtinae. Proc. 
U. S. National Museum, Vol. 21,. 1898, pp. 241, 248. 
Smith, Harry S., and Compere, Harold. The life history and successful intro¬ 
duction into California of the black scale parasite, Aphycus lounsburyi How. 
Monthly Bulletin, Calif. State Dept. Agri., Vol. 9, 1920, pp. 310-320. 
Smith, Harry S., Biological control of black scale in California. Monthly Bulletin, 
Calif. State Dept, Agri., Vol. 10. 1921, pp. 127-137. 
Smith, Harry S., Biological control of black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bern.), in Cali¬ 
fornia. Journal Econ. Ent., Vol. 14, 1921, pp. 348-350. 
Compere, Harold. Seasonal history of the black scale and its relation to biological 
control. California Citrograph, Vol. 6, 1921, p. 197. 
THE SUCCESSFUL INTRODUCTION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF 
THE LADYBIRD, SCYMNUS BINAEVATUS MULSANT, 
IN CALIFORNIA 
By Harry S. Smith, University of California , Citrus Experiment Station 1 
Abstract 
A South African ladybird, Scymnus binaevatus, after several unsuccessful attempts, 
has been colonized on several mealy bugs throughout California. There is a prospect 
of its becoming of considerable value as a check on these pests. 
Mealybugs of several species are among the most important pests of 
horticulture in California, and up to the present time they have to a 
large extent proven resistant to all attempts at control by means of 
fumigation or spraying. This has made them particularly attractive 
subjects for control by the biological method; several valuable parasites 
and predators have been introduced into California for this purpose, 
and very satisfactory practical results have thus been secured. 
Among recent introductions is that of the ladybird ,Scymnus binaevatus 
Mulsant, from South Africa. 
For several years the writer has been in correspondence with Mr. 
C. W. Mally, Entomologist for the Union of South Africa, at Capetown, 
with reference to a ladybird existing there, reported to be of importance 
as an enemy of mealybugs. When Mr. E. W. Rust, parasite collector 
for the State Department of Agriculture (now for the University of 
California) was sent to South Africa, he was asked to secure a colony 
of this ladybird for use in California. This he did and several ship¬ 
ments were made via Australia, but owing to the long journey none of 
them arrived in a living condition. When Mr. Rust began his return 
trip to this country in the fall of 1921 he brought a large colony with him 
Mhe beneficial insect work was transferred from the California State Dept, of 
Agriculture to the University of California on July 1. The introduction described 
in this paper took place before that time. 
