534 
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
[Vol. 16 
The meeting was adjourned to meet next year with the Pacific Division 
of the American Association of Economic Entomologists at the place 
to be announced later. 
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR MAKING LUBRICATING OIL 
EMULSIONS 1 
By A. M. Burroughs and W. M. Grube, University of Missouri , Columbia , Missouri 
Abstract 
A method is described by which stock emulsions of paraffin oi,s used in spraying 
are made without heat and without the use of potash fish-oil so^. Freshly made 
bordeaux mixture or copperas-lime mixture, calcium caseinate, saponin and other 
substances were used as emulsifying agents in the place of soap. The oil, water 
and emulsifying agent were placed together in a container and pumped twice under 
fairly high pressure. The emulsions made in this way were used successfully on a 
large scale. They gave as good results against San Jose scale as the emulsions 
made with potash fish-oil soap, and were cheaper and easier to prepare. These 
emulsions did not break down in the presence of hard water or water contaminated 
with lime or lime-sulphur. 
In the past few years there has been a marked increase in injury to 
apple trees from San Jose Scale in northern Arkansas, southern Missouri, 
and southern Illinois. The standard dormant spray of strong lime- 
sulfur solution has failed to give control in some cases. In an effort to 
control scale more cheaply and efficiently, the Bureau of Entomology 
of the United States Department of Agriculture tried out the lubricating 
oil emulsions used against citrus scale in Florida. Experiments carried 
out by Ackermann 2 at Bentonville, Arkansas, in 1921-22, indicated that 
a 2% emulsion of engine oil was effective against San Jose Scale on 
apple trees. As a result of his work, a large number of orchards in 
Arkansas, Missouri, and Illinois have received dormant applications of 
this spray during the spring of 1923. 
The formula and methods for preparing the emulsion are given by 
Yothers 3 and Quaintance. 2 This is generally known as the “Government 
Formula” and is given below:— 
Engine Oil.2 gal. 
Potash Fishoil Soap.2 lbs. 
Water.1 gal. 
The oil and the solution of soap in the water are mixed and heated to 
the boiling point, and pumped twice through a pump giving 60 lbs. 
pressure. Further directions and details are given in the publications 
referred to above. This method has given good results at the Missouri 
Contribution from the Departments of Horticulture and Entomology, University 
of Missouri. The authors wish to express their appreciation of the advice and help 
received from the members of these two departments, and especially from Mr. 
O. C. McBride of the Dept, of Entomology. 
2 U. S. Dept, of Agriculture Clip Sheet 193, 1922. 
3 U. S. Dept. Agriculture Farmers Bulletin 933, 1918. 
