536 
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
[Vol. 16 
The engine oils used in Florida are residual oils, with a specific gravity 
of around .90. They boil between 300° C. and 400° C. The brands of 
oil used in this work were “Paraffin Diamond” and “Red Engine Oil,” 
purchased from the Standard Oil Company of Missouri. Paraffin 
Diamond is the type of oil used in oiling floors. Red Engine is some¬ 
what heavier, and is used as a cheap, low quality lubricant. When 
using what he called finely divided solids as emulsifying agents, Picker¬ 
ing used “solar distillate ”a residual oil boiling between 240° C, and 
350° C, and having a specific gravity of .858. In many respects this 
resembled the paraffin oils used recently in the United States. 
In Pickering’s work, Bordeaux mixture, or ferrous sulphate-lime 
mixture was made up according to the Woburn formula; that is, with 
no excess lime present. The desired percentage of oil was added directly 
and the mixture emulsified by pumping it back on itself by means of a 
“garden syringe.” We have made stock emulsions by a number of 
formulas. Four of the most satisfactory ones are given below:-—- 
Formula No. 1 
Engine Oil.2 gal. 
Tap Water.1 gal. 
Copper sulphate.Ft lb. 
or 
Ferrous Sulphate.14 lb. 
Quick Lime.lb. 
Formula No. 3 
Engine Oil.2 gal. 
Water.1 gal. 
Kay so.4 oz. 
Formula No. 2 
Engine Oil.1 gal. 
Tap Water.1 gal. 
Copper Sulphate.>4 lb. 
or 
Ferrous Sulphate.>4 lb. 
Quick Lime.>4 lb. 
Formula No. 4 
Engine Oil.2 gal. 
Water.1 gal. 
Saponin.4 oz. 
(or extract from >4 lb. soap bark.) 
To make the emulsions with Bordeaux or iron sulphate-lime mixture, 
add to the oil the required amount of the metal salt, dissolved in one- 
half the water required, and add the lime in suspension in the remainder 
of the water. Mix a little, then pump the mixture into another re¬ 
ceptacle by means of a bucket pump. A Bordeaux nozzle adjusted to 
give a fine spray is desirable. To make emulsions by means of Kayso, 
suspend it in water, add it to the oil, and pump as before. The Kayso 
is best wetted by adding water slowly and stirring, until a paste or 
dough is formed, then diluting until the required amount of water is 
present. When saponin is used it is merely stirred up in the water, the 
oil added, and the mixture pumped back and forth. 
Other methods or formulas in preparing the emulsions may give 
equally as good results. Considerable force must be used in the pump¬ 
ing. We generally pump the emulsion at least twice. If Bordeaux 
or iron sulphate-lime mixture is used as an emulsifying agent, it must 
be freshly made. Bordeaux is useless for the purpose after it has stood 
