December, ’23] 
summers: refrigerator for insect shipments 
539 
scalecide. Comparisons have been made of emulsions made according 
to various methods, as to control of San Jose Scale and the grain aphis. 
The results are given in the following tables:— 
Table I. Effect on San Jose Scale of 2% Diamond Paraffin Oil Emulsified 
By Various Methods 
Emulsifying Agent Number Counted Percentage Killed 
Potash Fish oil Soap. % . 815 96.2% 
Kayso. 1168 97.8% 
Saponin. 1043 98.5% 
Bordeaux Mixture. 1317 95.7% 
Table II. Effect on the Grain Aphis of 2% Diamond Paraffin Oil Applied 
in the Delayed Dormant Stage. (Under Laboratory Conditions). 
Emulsifying Agent Number Counted Percentage Killed 
Potash Fish oil Soap. 316 92.0% 
Kayso. 287 96.2% 
Bordeaux Mixture. 941 90.0% 
These counts give evidence that the efficiency of the oil is little 
affected by the nature of the emulsifying agent. The emulsions of oil 
with Bordeaux, Kayso and saponin seem to have been as effective as 
emulsions made according to the government formula. The differ¬ 
ences in the percentage of control are probably due to experimental 
error. The degree of control of aphis under field conditions varied with 
the time of the application and care used in spraying. In one case, 2% 
oil-Bordeaux emulsion was applied in a heavily infested orchard when 
the buds were just opening and the aphids were clustered on the green 
tips of the buds. Under these conditions 96% control was obtained. 
The results against the grain aphis suggest that the cold emulsions might 
be a valuable means of control of more serious aphis pests. 
The emulsions made according to methods given above promise to-be 
as valuable as the oil-soap emulsions, and are somewhat cheaper and 
easier to prepare. One hundred gallons of 2% oil emulsion cost from 
34c to 48c depending upon the emulsifying agent used. Bordeaux and 
iron sulphate-lime emulsions are the cheapest. Not having any soap in 
their composition, they are compatible with Bordeaux, lime-sulphur 
and lead arsenate, and can be used with hard water. 
A REFRIGERATOR FOR SHIPPING LIVE INSECTS 1 
By John N. Summers 
The satisfactory shipping of imported parasites of the gipsy moth 
from the countries where they are obtained to the United States Bureau 
tMr. A. F. Burgess suggested the ice cream shipping tub as being best adapted to 
our needs. 
